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| Writing An Essay | |
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| Thinking about Purposes and Audiences | |
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| Why bother to write? | |
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| How is writing defined? | |
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| What are the major purposes for writing? | |
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| What does "audience" mean for writing? | |
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| What is tone in writing? | |
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| What does "sources for writing" mean? | |
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| What tools can help me as a writer? | |
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| Planning and Shaping | |
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| What is the writing process? | |
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| What terms describe different kinds of writing? | |
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| What is a "writing situation"? | |
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| How can I think through a writing topic? | |
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| What can I do if no ideas occur to me? | |
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| How do I use an idea book and a journal? | |
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| What is freewriting? | |
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| What is brainstorming? | |
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| What are "journalist's questions"? | |
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| What is mapping? | |
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| How can "talking it over" help? | |
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| How can an Internet search help? | |
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| How can incubation help me? | |
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| How can shaping help me? | |
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| How can looking for "levels of generality" help me? | |
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| How can a subject tree help me? | |
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| What is a thesis statement? | |
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| What is outlining? | |
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| Drafting and Revising | |
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| What can help me write a first draft? | |
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| How can I overcome writer's block? | |
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| How do I revise? | |
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| How do I edit? | |
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| How do I proofread? | |
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| What is collaborative writing? | |
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| An essay in three drafts | |
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| Writing Paragraphs | |
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| What is a paragraph? | |
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| How can I write effective introductory paragraphs? | |
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| What are body paragraphs? | |
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| How can I create unity in paragraphs? | |
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| How do topic sentences help create paragraph unity? | |
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| How can I develop my body paragraphs? | |
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| How can I write coherent paragraphs? | |
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| In what different ways can I arrange a paragraph? | |
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| What rhetorical strategies can I use to write my paragraphs? | |
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| What is a transitional paragraph? | |
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| How can I write effective concluding paragraphs? | |
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| Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing | |
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| What is critical writing? | |
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| How do I engage in critical thinking? | |
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| What is the reading process? | |
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| How do I engage in critical reading? | |
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| How do I tell the difference between summary and synthesis? | |
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| How do I write a critical response? | |
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| How do I assess evidence critically? | |
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| How do I assess cause and effect critically? | |
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| How do I assess reasoning processes critically? | |
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| How can I recognize and avoid logical fallacies? | |
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| Writing Argument | |
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| What is a written argument? | |
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| How do I choose a topic for an argument? | |
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| How do I develop an assertion and a thesis statement for my argument? | |
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| What Part does the audience play in my argument? | |
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| What is the structure of a classical argument? | |
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| What is the Toulmin model for argument? | |
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| How do I define key terms in an argument? | |
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| How do I reason effectively in an argument? | |
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| How do I establish a reasonable tone in argument? | |
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| How did two students draft and revise their arguments? | |
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| Final drafts of argument essays by two students | |
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| Understanding Grammar and Writing Correct Sentences | |
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| Parts of Speech and Sentence Structures | |
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| Parts of Speech | |
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| Why learn the parts of speech? | |
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| What is a noun? | |
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| What is a pronoun? | |
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| What is a verb? | |
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| What is a verbal? | |
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| What is an adjective? | |
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| What is an adverb? | |
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| What is a preposition? | |
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| What is a conjunction? | |
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| What is an interjection? | |
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| Sentence Structures | |
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| How is a sentence defined? | |
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| What is a subject and predicate in a sentence? | |
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| What are direct and indirect objects? | |
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| What are complements, modifiers, and appositives? | |
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| What is a phrase? | |
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| What is a clause? | |
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| What are the four sentence types? | |
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| Verbs | |
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| What do verbs do? | |
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| Verb Forms | |
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| What are the forms of main verbs? | |
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| What are the -s forms of verbs? | |
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| What is the difference between regular and irregular verbs? | |
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| What are auxiliary verbs? | |
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| What are intransitive and transitive verbs? | |
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| Verb Tense | |
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| What is verb tense? | |
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| How do I use the simple present tense? | |
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| How do I form and use the perfect tenses? | |
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| How do I form and progressive forms? | |
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| How do I use tense sequences accurately? | |
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| Mood | |
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| What is mod in verbs? | |
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| What are correct subjunctive forms? | |
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| Voice | |
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| What is voice in verbs? | |
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| How do I write in the active, not passive, voice? | |
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| What are proper uses of the passive voice? | |
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| Pronouns: Case and Reference | |
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| Pronoun Case | |
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| What doe case mean? | |
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| What are personal pronouns? | |
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| How do pronouns operate in the subjective case? | |
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| How do pronouns operate in the objective case? | |
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| How do pronouns and nouns operate in the possessive case? | |
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| How do pronouns and nouns operate in compound constructions? | |
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| How does case operate in appositives? | |
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| How does case operate after linking verbs? | |
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| What cases are correct for who, whoever, whom, and whomever? | |
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| What is the appropriate pronoun case after than or as? | |
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| How do pronouns operate before infinitives? | |
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| How do pronouns operate with -ing words? | |
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| Pronoun Reference | |
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| What is pronoun reference? | |
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| What makes pronoun reference clear? | |
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| How do pronouns refer clearly to a single antecedent? | |
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| Why should pronouns be close to their antecedents? | |
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| How can I avoid vague pronoun reference? | |
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| Why use you only for direct address? | |
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| How do I use that, which, and who correctly? | |
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| Agreement | |
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| What is agreement? | |
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| Subject-Verb Agreement | |
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| What is subject-verb agreement? | |
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| Why is a final -s or -es in a subject or verb so important? | |
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| Can I ignore words between a subject and its verb? | |
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| How do verbs operate when subjects are connected by and? | |
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| How do verbs operate when subjects are connected by or? | |
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| How do verbs operate with inverted word order? | |
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| How do verbs operate with indefinite pronouns? | |
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| How do verbs operate with collective nouns? | |
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| Does the linking verb agree with the subject or the subject complement? | |
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| What verbs agree with who, which, and that? | |
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| How do verbs operate with amounts, fields of study, and other special nouns? | |
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| How do verbs operate with titles of written works, company names, and words as themselves? | |
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| Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement | |
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| What is pronoun-antecedent agreement? | |
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| How do pronouns operate with antecedents connected by and? | |
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| How do pronouns operate with antecedents connected by or? | |
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| How do pronouns operate with indefinite-pronoun antecedents? | |
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| How can I use nonsexist pronouns correctly? | |
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| How do pronouns operate when antecedents are collective nouns? | |
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| Adjectives and Adverbs | |
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| What are the differences between adjectives and adverbs? | |
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| When should I use adverbs, not adjectives, as modifiers? | |
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| How can I avoid double negatives? | |
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| Do adjective or adverbs come after linking verbs? | |
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| How do I correctly use comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs? | |
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| How do I avoid a string of too many nouns as modifiers? | |
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| Sentence Fragments | |
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| What is a sentence fragment? | |
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| How can I recognize a sentence fragment? | |
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| What are major ways of correcting fragments? | |
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| How can I correct a fragment that is an incomplete compound predicate? | |
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| What are the two special fragment problems? | |
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| How can I recognize intentional fragments? | |
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| Comma Splices and Run-on Sentences | |
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| What are comma splices and run-on sentences? | |
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| How can I recognize comma splices and run-on sentences? | |
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| How can I correct comma splices and run-on sentences? | |
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| How can I correctly use a conjunctive adverb or other transitional expression between independent clauses? | |
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| Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers | |
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| Misplaced Modifiers | |
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| What is a misplaced modifier? | |
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| How can I avoid split infinitives? | |
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| How can I avoid other splits in my sentences? | |
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| Dangling Modifiers | |
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| How can I avoid dangling modifiers? | |
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| How can I proofread for misplaced and dangling modifiers? | |
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| Shifting and Mixed Sentences | |
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| Shifting Sentences | |
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| What is a shifting sentence? | |
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| How can I avoid shifts in person and number? | |
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| How can I avoid shifts in subject and voice? | |
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| How can I avoid shifts in tense and mood? | |
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| How can I avoid shifts between indirect and direct discourse? | |
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| Mixed Sentences | |
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| What is a mixed sentence? | |
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| How can I correct a mixed sentence with faulty predication? | |
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| How can I write correct elliptical constructions? | |
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| How can I write correct comparisons? | |
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| How can I proofread for little words I omit unintentionally? | |
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| Writing Effective Sentences and Using Effective Words | |
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| Conciseness | |
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| What is conciseness? | |
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| What common expressions reduce conciseness? | |
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| What sentence structures usually work against conciseness? | |
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| How else can I revise for conciseness? | |
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| How do verbs affect conciseness? | |
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| Coordination and Subordination | |
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| Coordination | |
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| What is coordination of sentences? | |
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| What is the structure of a coordinate sentence? | |
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| What meaning does each coordinating conjunction convey? | |
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| What are two major misuses of coordination? | |
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| Subordination | |
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| What is subordination in sentences? | |
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| What is the structure of a subordinate sentence? | |
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| What meaning does each subordinating conjunction convey? | |
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| What are two major misuses of subordination? | |
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| How do I effectively use coordination and subordination together? | |
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| Parallelism | |
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| What is parallelism? | |
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| What is a balanced sentence? | |
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| How do words, phrases, and clauses work in parallel form? | |
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| How does parallelism deliver impact? | |
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| How can I avoid faulty parallelism? | |
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| How does parallelism operate in outlines and lists? | |
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| Variety and Emphasis | |
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| What are variety and emphasis in writing? | |
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| How do different sentence lengths create variety and emphasis? | |
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| How does an occasional question, mild command, or exclamation create variety and emphasis? | |
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| How can modifiers create variety and emphasis? | |
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| How does a change in word order create variety and emphasis? | |
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| How does changing a sentence's subject create emphasis? | |
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| How can a periodic sentence among cumulative sentences create variety and emphasis? | |
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| How does repetition affect variety and emphasis? | |
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| Usage Glossary | |
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| The Impact of Words | |
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| What is American English? | |
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| What are levels of formality in language? | |
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| What is edited American English? | |
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| What is figurative language? | |
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| Why should I use exact diction in my writing? | |
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| Why should I mix specific, concrete language with general, abstract language? | |
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| What is gender-neutral language? | |
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| What other types of language should I avoid in academic writing? | |
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| What is regional language? | |
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| What are cliches? | |
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| When is jargon necessary? | |
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| What are euphemisms? | |
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| What is bureaucratic language? | |
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| Spelling and Hyphenation | |
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| What makes a good speller? | |
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| How can I proofread for errors in spelling and hyphen use? | |
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| Spelling | |
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| How are plurals spelled? | |
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| How are suffixes spelled? | |
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| What is the ie, ei rule? | |
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| How are homonyms and other frequently confused words spelled? | |
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| Hyphens | |
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| What is the role of the hyphen? | |
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| When do I use a hyphen at the end of a line? | |
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| How do I use a hyphen with prefixes and suffixes? | |
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| How do I use hyphens with compound words? | |
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| How do I use hyphens with spelled-out numbers? | |
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| Using Punctuation and Mechanics | |
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| Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points | |
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| Periods | |
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| When does a period end a sentence? | |
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| How do I use periods with abbreviations? | |
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| Question Marks | |
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| When do I use a question mark? | |
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| When can I use a question mark in parentheses? | |
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| Exclamation Points | |
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| When do I use an exclamation point? | |
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| What is considered overuse of exclamation points? | |
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| Commas | |
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| What is the role of a comma? | |
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| How does a comma operate with a coordinating conjunction that links independent clauses? | |
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| How does a comma operate with introductory clauses, phrases, and words? | |
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| How does a comma operate with items in a series? | |
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| How does a comma operate with coordinate adjectives? | |
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| How do commas operate with nonrestrictive elements? | |
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| How do commas operate to set off transitional and parenthetical expressions, contrasts, words of direct address, and tag sentences? | |
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| How do commas operate to set quoted words from explanatory words? | |
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| How do commas operate in dates, names, addresses, correspondence, and numbers? | |
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| How do commas clarify meaning? | |
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| How can I avoid misusing the comma? | |
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| How can I avoid comma errors? | |
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| Semicolons | |
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| What are the uses of a semicolon? | |
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| When can I use a semicolon, instead of a period, between independent clauses? | |
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| When else can I use a semicolon between independent clauses? | |
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| How do semicolons operate with coordinating conjunctions? | |
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| When should I use semicolons between items in a series? | |
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| How do I avoid misusing the semicolon? | |
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| Colons | |
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| What are the uses of a colon? | |
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| When can a colon introduce a list, an appositive, or quotation? | |
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| When can I use a colon between two independent clauses? | |
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| What standard formats require a colon? | |
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| When is a colon wrong? | |
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| Apostrophes | |
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| What is the role of the apostrophe? | |
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| How do I use an apostrophe to show a possessive noun? | |
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| How do I use an apostrophe with hers, his, its, ours, yours, and theirs? | |
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| How do I use an apostrophe with contractions? | |
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| How do I use an apostrophe to show a possessive indefinite pronoun? | |
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| How does s or 's form the plural of a letter, numeral, symbol, and word as a word? | |
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| When is an apostrophe wrong? | |
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| Quotation Marks | |
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| What is the role of quotation marks? | |
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| How do I use quotation marks with short direct quotations? | |
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| Are quotation marks use with long quotations? | |
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| How do I use quotation marks for quotations within quotations? | |
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| How do I use quotation marks for quotation of poetry and dialogue? | |
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| How do quotation marks operate with titles of short works? | |
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| How do I use quotation marks for words used in special senses? | |
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| How do quotation marks operate with other punctuation? | |
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| When are quotation marks wrong? | |
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| Other Punctuation Marks | |
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| Dash | |
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| When can I use a dash in my writing? | |
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| Parentheses | |
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| When can I use parenthesis in my writing? | |
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| Brackets | |
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| When should I use brackets in my writing? | |
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| Ellipsis Points | |
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| How should I use ellipsis points in my writing? | |
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| Slash | |
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| When can I use a slash in my writing? | |
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| Capitals, Italics, Abbreviations, and Numbers | |
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| Capitals | |
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| When do I capitalize a "first" word? | |
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| When do I use capitals with listed items? | |
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| When do I use capitals with sentences in parentheses? | |
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| When do I use capitals with quotations? | |
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| When do I capitalize nouns and adjectives? | |
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| What are italics? | |
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| How do I choose between using italics and quotation marks? | |
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| Does documentation require underlining instead of italics? | |
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| Can I use italics for special emphasis? | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| What are standard practices for using abbreviations? | |
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| How do I use abbreviations with time and symbols? | |
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| How do I use abbreviations for titles, names and terms, and addresses? | |
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| What abbreviations are common in MLA-style documentation? | |
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| When can I use etc.? | |
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| Numbers | |
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| When do I use spelled-out numbers? | |
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| What are standard practices for using numbers? | |
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| Writing Research | |
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| Using Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism | |
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| How can I avoid plagiarism? | |
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| How can I understand the concept of documentation? | |
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| How can I use quotation effectively? | |
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| How can I paraphrase accurately? | |
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| How can I summarize accurately? | |
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| How can I use verbs effectively to integrate source material into my prose? | |
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| What comes next in research writing? | |
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| Research Writing as a Process | |
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| What is research writing? | |
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| What is a research question? | |
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| What role do the new technologies play in research? | |
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| How can I best plan my schedule for research writing? | |
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| What is a research log? | |
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| How do I choose and narrow a research topic? | |
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| How do I formulate a research question? | |
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| How do I determine the purpose and audience for my research paper? | |
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| What practical steps can help me work efficiently? | |
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| What is field research? | |
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| What documentation style should I use? | |
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| Why do I need to evaluate my sources? | |
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| What is a working bibliography? | |
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| How do I take content notes? | |
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| How do I draft a thesis statement for a research paper? | |
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| How do I outline a research paper? | |
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| How do I draft and revise a research paper? | |
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| Successful Library Research | |
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| What is a library research? | |
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| What is a source? | |
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| What is a library-research search strategy? | |
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| How can I narrow the focus of my search? | |
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| How do I use a library's book catalog? | |
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| What are general reference works? | |
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| What are specialized reference works? | |
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| How do I use electronic databases? | |
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| How do I use periodicals for research? | |
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| How do I use government documents? | |
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| How should I evaluate print sources? | |
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| Successful Online Research | |
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| What is online research? | |
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| How do I search the Web? | |
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| What is a search strategy for online research? | |
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| How do I narrow my online search for information? | |
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| How can I avoid plagiarizing from online sources? | |
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| How do I evaluate online sources? | |
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| MLA Documentation with Case Study | |
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| What is MLA Style? | |
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| What is an MLA in-text citation? | |
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| What are MLA guidelines for in-text citations? | |
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| How should I compile an MLA-style Works Cited list? | |
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| Lisa Laver's MLA research paper | |
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| APA Documentation with Case Study | |
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| What is APA style? | |
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| What are APA in-text citations? | |
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| What are APA guidelines for in-text citations? | |
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| What are APA guidelines for writing an abstract? | |
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| What are APA guidelines for content notes? | |
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| What are APA general guidelines for a Reference list? | |
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| What are APA guidelines for specific sources in a Reference list? | |
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| What are APA format guidelines for research papers? | |
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| Carlos Velez's APA-style research paper | |
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| CM, CBE, and Columbia Online Style (COS) Documentation | |
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| CM-Style Documentation | |
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| What should I know about CM documentation with bibliographic notes? | |
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| What are CM-style guidelines for specific sources in bibliographic notes? | |
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| CBE-Style Documentation | |
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| What should I know about CBE Documentation? | |
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| What are CBE guidelines for specific sources in a list of references? | |
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| Columbia Online Style (COS) Documentation | |
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| What should I know about The Columbia Guide to Online Style documentation? | |
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| What are COS guidelines for specific sources in bibliographic notes? | |
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| Effective Document Design | |
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| Print | |
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| How are print documents designed? | |
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| What is page layout? | |
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| How do I format text? | |
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| How should I incorporate visuals? | |
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| World Wide Web | |
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| What should I know about writing for the Web? | |
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| How do I plan a Web page? | |
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| How do I create a Web page? | |
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| How do I display my Web page? | |
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| How should I edit my Web site? | |
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| Writing Across The Curriculum | |
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| Comparing the Disciplines | |
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| How do the disciplines compare? | |
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| What are primary research and secondary research in the disciplines? | |
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| How do I use documentation in the disciplines? | |
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| Writing about Literature | |
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| How can I understand methods of inquiry into literature? | |
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| What are the purposes and practices specific to writing about literature? | |
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| How can I use documentation style in writing about literature? | |
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| How do I write different types of papers about literature? | |
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| How should I write about literature? | |
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| Writing in the Social Sciences and Natural Sciences | |
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| Social Sciences | |
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| How do I gather information in the social sciences? | |
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| How can I understand writing purposes and practices in the social sciences? | |
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| How can I use documentation style in the social sciences? | |
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| How can I write different types of papers in the social sciences? | |
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| Natural Sciences | |
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| How do I gather information in the sciences? | |
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| What are writing purposes and practices in the natural sciences? | |
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| How do I use documentation style in the natural sciences? | |
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| How do I write different types of papers in the natural sciences? | |
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| Business and Public Writing | |
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| Business Writing | |
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| How do I write and format a business letter? | |
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| How do I write a memo? | |
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| How can I create a resume? | |
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| How do I compose a job application letter? | |
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| What are the guidelines for writing e-mail? | |
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| Public Writing | |
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| How do I write reports for the public? | |
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| How do I write letters to my community or its representatives? | |
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| Writing Under Pressure | |
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| What are cue words and key words? | |
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| How do I write effective responses to essay test questions? | |
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| What strategies can I use when writing under pressure? | |
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| Oral Presentation | |
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| Preparing an Oral Presentation | |
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| How do I determine my purpose and topic? | |
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| How do I adapt my message to my audience? | |
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| How do I formulate a working thesis? | |
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| How do I organize my presentation? | |
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| How do I present collaboratively? | |
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| Delivering an Oral Presentation | |
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| How do I choose a presentation style? | |
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| How do I vary my voice and use nonverbal communication? | |
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| How do I incorporate visual aids into my presentation? | |
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| What can I do to practice for my presentation? | |
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| Writing When English is a Second Language | |
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| Singulars and Plurals | |
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| What are count and noncount nouns? | |
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| How do I use determiners with singular and plural nouns? | |
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| How do I use one of, nouns as adjectives, and states in names or titles? | |
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| How do I use nouns with irregular plurals? | |
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| Articles | |
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| How do I use a, an, or the with single count nouns? | |
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| How do I use articles with plural nouns and with noncount nouns? | |
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| How do I use the with proper nouns and with gerunds? | |
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| Word Order | |
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| How do I understand standard and inverted word order in sentences? | |
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| How can I understand the placement of adjectives? | |
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| How can I understand the placement of adverbs? | |
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| Prepositions | |
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| How can I recognize prepositions? | |
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| How do I use prepositions with expressions of time and place? | |
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| How do I use prepositions in phrasal verbs? | |
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| How do I use prepositions in common expressions? | |
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| Gerunds, Infinitives, and Participles | |
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| How can I use gerunds and infinitives as subjects? | |
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| When do I use a gerund, not an infinitive, as an object? | |
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| When do I use an infinitive, not a gerund, as an object? | |
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| How does meaning change when certain verbs are followed by a gerund or an infinitive? | |
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| Why is meaning unchanged whether or not a gerund or an infinitive follows sense verbs? | |
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| How do I choose between -ing and -ed forms for adjectives? | |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verbs | |
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| How do I convey ability, necessity, advisability, possibility, and probability with modals? | |
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| How do I convey preferences, plans, and past habits with modals? | |
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| How can I recognize modals in the passive voice? | |
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| Terms Glossary | |
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| Index | |