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| Becoming a Skilled Qualitative Researcher | |
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| Technique Skills and Personal Skills | |
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| The Basic Plan for this Text | |
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| Identifying and Understanding the Basic Personal Skills | |
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| Observing | |
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| Conversing | |
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| Participating | |
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| Interpreting | |
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| Looking at the World in a Different Way | |
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| A Matter of Definition | |
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| "Unpacking" the Definition | |
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| The Big Deal about Meaning | |
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| Qualitative Research as a "Big Tent" | |
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| The Two Domains of Qualitative Research | |
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| Qualitative Science | |
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| Qualitative Inquiry | |
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| Vision and Research | |
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| The Mirror | |
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| The Window | |
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| The Lantern | |
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| Types of Vision and the Two Domains | |
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| Vision and Qualitative Science | |
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| Vision and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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| Advanced Skills and Their Roles | |
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| Questioning | |
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| Data Gathering | |
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| Analyzing | |
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| Narrating | |
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| Writing | |
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| Moving from Experience to Reflection to Create a Skill | |
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| Planning Your Research Proposal: Introduction | |
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| Observing | |
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| The Quiet Place | |
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| Reflecting on Observing | |
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| Why Is Qualitative Research Observation So Difficult? | |
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| Observer Types | |
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| The Embracer | |
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| The Photographer | |
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| The Tape Recorder | |
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| The Categorizer | |
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| The Baseliner | |
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| The Abstracter | |
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| The Interacter | |
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| The Reflecter | |
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| Working with Observational Types | |
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| Grounding Observational Skills | |
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| Subordination | |
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| Selection Issues | |
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| Focus Issues | |
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| Saturation | |
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| Current Frontiers of Observation in Qualitative Research | |
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| Parameters and Settings of Observation | |
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| Observation and Technology | |
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| Observation and the Arts | |
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| Observation in Qualitative Science and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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| Mastering Observational Skills | |
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| Observation and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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| Final Thoughts on Observation | |
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| Planning Your Research Proposal: Looking for Potential Research Topics | |
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| Conversing | |
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| Table Talk | |
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| REflecting on Conversing | |
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| The Fine Art of Research Conversing | |
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| Conversation and Holistic Communication | |
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| The Six Functions of Verbal Communication | |
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| The Referential Function | |
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| The Emotive Function | |
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| The Conative Function | |
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| The Metalingual Function | |
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| The Poetic Function | |
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| The Phatic Function | |
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| From Conversing to Interviewing | |
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| Grounding Interview Skills | |
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| The Classic Field Interview | |
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| Conducting the Qualitative Research Interview | |
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| Interactions in Interviews | |
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| Focus Groups | |
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| Online Focus Groups | |
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| Specialized Types of Interviews | |
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| Mastering Interview Skills | |
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| Should I Conduct a Structured or an Unstructured Interview? | |
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| How Many Questions Should I Ask? | |
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| How Long Should Any Given Interview Be? | |
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| How Should I Conduct My Interviews? | |
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| Conversing and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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| Final Thoughts on Conversing | |
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| Planning Your Research Proposal: Identifying Possible Settings and Participants | |
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| Participating | |
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| The Expert Case Study | |
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| Reflecting on Participation | |
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| Participant Observation | |
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| Entry | |
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| Rapport | |
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| Finding and Cultivating Informants | |
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| Fieldnotes | |
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| Ethnography | |
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| Basic Ethnographic Skills | |
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| Advances and Evolutions in Ethnography | |
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| Applied Field Research | |
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| Learning in Groups | |
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| School Countercultures | |
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| Scientific Literacy | |
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| Education Beyond Schools | |
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| Basic Researchers and Teacher-Researchers | |
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| Reflections on Classroom-Based Fieldwork | |
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| Action Research | |
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| Practical Participation | |
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| Participatory Action Research | |
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| Action Research as a Revolutionary Act | |
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| Participation in Qualitative Science and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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| Perspectives Within Ethnography | |
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| Perspectives Within Applied Field Research | |
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| Perspectives Within Action Research | |
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| A Quick Aside on Emic Versus Etic | |
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| Mastering Fieldwork Skills | |
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| Participation and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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| Final Thoughts on Participation | |
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| Planning Your Research Proposal: First Informal Outline | |
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| Interpreting | |
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| Just Listen to the Music Play... | |
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| Reflecting on Interpretation | |
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| Mastering Description and Thick Description | |
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| The Wink | |
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| What Thick Description Is Not | |
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| Subjectivity and Objectivity | |
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| A Brief Summary of Subjectivity and Objectivity | |
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| Historical Changes in Subjectivity and Objectivity | |
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| Rethinking Subjectivity in Qualitative Research | |
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| Self and Other | |
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| Intersubjectivity | |
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| The Nagging Issue of Multiple Realities | |
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| Creating a Continuum for Interpretation | |
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| Prediction | |
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| Understanding | |
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| Qualitative Science and Understanding | |
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| Phenomenology and Understanding | |
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| Hermeneutics and Understanding | |
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| Critical Awareness | |
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| Ideology and Critical Theory | |
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| The Scope of Critical Theory | |
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| The Nature of Feminist Critical Theory | |
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| Critical Race Theory and Postcolonial Thinking | |
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| Postmodern Awareness | |
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| Structural and Poststructural Thought | |
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| Structuralism | |
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| Poststructuralism | |
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| Postmodern Thought | |
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| Deconstruction and Other Postmodern Methods | |
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| Balancing Interpretive Frameworks | |
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| Interpretation in Qualitative Science and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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| Interpretation and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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| Back to the Music | |
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| Planning Your Research Proposal: First Theoretical Model | |
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| Questioning | |
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| Stalking the Wild Research Question | |
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| Reflecting on the Role of Questioning | |
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| Asking the Qualitative Research Question | |
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| Types of Qualitative Questions | |
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| Hypothesis Testing | |
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| Exploration | |
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| Exegesis into Empirical Meaning | |
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| Critical Examination and Action | |
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| Finding and Developing a Qualitative Research Target Area | |
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| The Tactical Backdrop of Qualitative Questioning | |
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| The Nature of Strategies | |
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| Strategy and Anticipation | |
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| Tactical Research | |
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| An Example of Making a Quick Tactical Turn | |
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| Evaluating Research Questions and Target Areas | |
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| Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability in Qualitative Research | |
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| Reliability | |
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| Validity | |
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| Generalizability | |
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| Triangulation | |
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| Alternatives to Reliability, Validity, and Generalizability in Qualitative Research | |
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| Dependability | |
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| Credibility | |
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| Transferability | |
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| Confirmability | |
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| Trustworthiness | |
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| Authenticity | |
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| Questioning and the Literature Review | |
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| The Role of the Literature Review in Quantitative Research | |
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| The Role of the Literature Review in Qualitative Research | |
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| Ethics and Qualitative Research | |
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| General Ethical Guidelines | |
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| Ethics and Qualitative Practice | |
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| Questioning in Qualitative Science and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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| Questioning and Qualitative Science | |
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| Questioning and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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| Questioning and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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| Planning Your Research Proposal: First Draft of the Research Question | |
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| Data Gathering | |
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| Metaphor Repair | |
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| Reflecting on the Data-Gathering Process | |
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| Qualitative Data-Gathering Methods | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Alternative Case Study Types | |
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| Cumulative Case Study | |
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| Grounded Theory | |
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| The Evolution of Grounded Theory | |
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| The Glaser Approach to Grounded Theory | |
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| The Strauss and Corbin Approach to Grounded Theory | |
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| Further Resources for Grounded Theory | |
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| Phenomenological and Hermeneutic Data-Gathering Methods | |
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| Phenomenology | |
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| Hermeneutics | |
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| Comparing and Contrasting Phenomenological and Hermeneutic Methods | |
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| Gender-Based Aspects of Data Gathering | |
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| Feminist Approach to Data Gathering | |
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| Queer Theory | |
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| Semiotic Approaches to Data Gathering | |
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| The Language of Signs | |
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| The Logic of Signs | |
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| Using Metaphors to Gather Data | |
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| Metaphors in Quantitative Research | |
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| Metaphors in Qualitative Research | |
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| Qualitative Data Handling | |
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| Data Gathering in Qualitative Science and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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| Data Gathering and Qualitative Science | |
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| Data Gathering and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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| Data Gathering and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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| Planning Your Research Proposal: Sorting and Ranking Potential Methods | |
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| Analyzing | |
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| Twenty Questions | |
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| Reflecting on Analysis | |
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| Common Phases of Qualitative Analysis | |
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| Coding and Analysis | |
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| Thematic Analysis | |
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| Themes, Emergent or Otherwise | |
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| The Key Characteristics of Thematic Analysis | |
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| The Inductive Approach | |
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| Feedback and Comparison | |
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| Saturation | |
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| Other Forms of Thematic Analysis | |
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| Meaning Generation and Confirmation | |
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| Procedures for Making Meaning | |
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| Procedures for Verifying Meaning | |
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| "Research Displays" That Incorporate Meaning and Verification | |
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| Within-Case Displays | |
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| Cross-Case Displays | |
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| Description and Exploration in Cross-Case Displays | |
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| Ordering and Explanation in Cross-Case Displays | |
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| Other Approaches to Meaning Generation and Verification | |
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| Synthesis and Illumination | |
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| Analyzing Artifacts and Documents | |
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| Analyzing Visual Data | |
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| Computers and Qualitative Data | |
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| Using Computers for Qualitative Research | |
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| Using Computers for Qualitative Analysis | |
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| Moving from Analysis to Evaluation | |
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| Qualitative Evaluation Models | |
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| Analyzing in Qualitative Science and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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| Analysis and Qualitative Science | |
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| Analysis and Qualitative Inquiry | |
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| A Final Look at Analysis | |
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| Analysis and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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| Planning Your Research Proposal: Creating a Research Proposal Outline | |
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| Narrating | |
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| Once upon a Time... | |
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| Reflecting on Narrating | |
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| Narrative and Human Understanding | |
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| Story Genres | |
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| Myth | |
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| Fable | |
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| Folktale | |
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| Legend | |
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| Narrative | |
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| Narrative Universals | |
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| Phenomenology and Narrative | |
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| Postmodernism and Narrative | |
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| Metanarratives and Postmodern Genres | |
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| Analyzing Narrative Data | |
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| Conversation Analysis | |
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| Narrative Analysis | |
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| Narrative Influences on Research Thinking | |
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| Narrating and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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| Planning Your Research Proposal: First Draft of the Research Proposal | |
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| Writing | |
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| Focusing the Expert Case Study Report | |
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| Reflecting on Research Writing | |
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| Rhetoric and Research Writing | |
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| A Quick List of Important Rhetorical Devices | |
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| Specialized Rhetorical Tropes | |
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| Rhetorical Trope Awareness | |
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| From Rhetoric to the Research Tale | |
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| The Research Tale | |
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| The Realist Tale | |
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| The Confessional Tale | |
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| The Impressionist Tale | |
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| The Less Common Tale | |
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| The Practice of Research Writing | |
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| Get into a Routine | |
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| Find Your Focus | |
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| Don't Duck the Details | |
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| Know When and How to Get Feedback | |
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| Follow Accepted Conventions | |
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| Other Guides to Good Research Writing | |
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| Exploring Alternative Models for Qualitative Research Writing | |
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| Evaluating Qualitative Writing | |
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| Writing as Qualitative Research | |
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| Collective Biography | |
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| Literary Analysis and Ethnography | |
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| Poetry | |
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| Writing and the Mirror, Window, and Lantern | |
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| Going Beyond the Skills | |
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| Planning Your Research Proposal: Final Draft of the Research Proposal | |
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| The Seven Deadly Sins of Qualitative Research | |
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| Standards, Virtues, and Pitfalls | |
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| Murphy's Law | |
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| The Primacy of the Research Question | |
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| Bad Judgement in Qualitative Research | |
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| The Seven Deadly Sins | |
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| The Wisdom of the Seven Deadly Sins | |
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| The Sin of Competitiveness, or "One Size Does Not Fit All" | |
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| The Sin of Appropriation, or "Qualitative Research Is Not an Envelope" | |
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| The Sin of Rigidity, or "You Cannot Tame Everything" | |
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| The Sin of Superficiality, or "A Comfortable Idea Is Probably Wrong" | |
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| The Sin of Sentimentality, or "The World Is Not for Your Entertainment" | |
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| The Sin of Narcissism, or "Life Will Go on Without You" | |
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| The Sin of Timidity, or "A Good Idea Is Worth Defending" | |
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| Dealing with the Deadly Sins | |
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| An Informal Exercise | |
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| Once and Future Qualitative Research | |
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| Capturing Qualitative Research | |
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| The Beginnings of the Qualitative Tradition | |
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| The March Toward Quantification | |
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| The Scientific Paradigm Shifts | |
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| Social Science Tackles Social Reality | |
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| The Key Perspectives Fall into Place | |
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| Histories of Qualitative Research Within the Disciplines | |
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| The Three Directions of Qualitative Practice | |
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| Moving Against Quantitative Ideas | |
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| Moving with Quantitative Ideas | |
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| Moving Away from Quantitative Ideas | |
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| Questions from the Frontiers of Qualitative Research | |
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| Is There a Spiritual Dimension to Qualitative Research? | |
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| Is Qualitative Research Under Attack? | |
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| How Should We Prepare the Next Generation of Qualitative Researchers? | |
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| Six Quick Trips to the Far Frontiers | |
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| Back to the Quiet Place | |
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| References | |