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Preface | |
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Macroscopic Fluid Mechanics | |
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Introduction to Fluid Mechanics | |
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Fluid Mechanics in Chemical Engineering | |
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General Concepts of a Fluid | |
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Stresses, Pressure, Velocity, and the Basic Laws | |
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Physical Properties-Density, Viscosity, and Surface Tension | |
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Units and Systems of Units | |
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Units Conversion | |
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Mass of Air in a Room | |
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Hydrostatics | |
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Pressure in an Oil Storage Tank | |
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Multiple Fluid Hydrostatics | |
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Pressure Variations in a Gas | |
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Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface | |
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Application of Archimedes' Law | |
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Pressure Change Caused by Rotation | |
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Overflow from a Spinning Container | |
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Problems for Chapter 1 | |
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Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balances | |
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General Conservation Laws | |
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Mass Balances | |
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Mass Balance for Tank Evacuation | |
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Energy Balances | |
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Pumping n-Pentane | |
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Bernoulli's Equation | |
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Applications of Bernoulli's Equation | |
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Tank Filling | |
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Momentum Balances | |
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Impinging Jet of Water | |
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Velocity of Wave on Water | |
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Flow Measurement by a Rotameter | |
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Pressure, Velocity, and Flow Rate Measurement | |
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Problems for Chapter 2 | |
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Fluid Friction in Pipes | |
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Introduction | |
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Laminar Flow | |
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Polymer Flow in a Pipeline | |
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Models for Shear Stress | |
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Piping and Pumping Problems | |
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Unloading Oil from a Tanker Specified Flow Rate and Diameter | |
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Unloading Oil from a Tanker Specified Diameter and Pressure Drop | |
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Unloading Oil from a Tanker Specified Flow Rate and Pressure Drop | |
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Unloading Oil from a Tanker Miscellaneous Additional Calculations | |
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Flow in Noncircular Ducts | |
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Flow in an Irrigation Ditch | |
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Compressible Gas Flow in Pipelines | |
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Compressible Flow in Nozzles | |
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Complex Piping Systems | |
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Solution of a Piping/Pumping Problem | |
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Problems for Chapter 3 | |
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Flow in Chemical Engineering Equipment | |
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Introduction | |
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Pumps and Compressors | |
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Pumps in Series and Parallel | |
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Drag Force on Solid Particles in Fluids | |
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Manufacture of Lead Shot | |
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Flow Through Packed Beds | |
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Pressure Drop in a Packed-Bed Reactor | |
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Filtration | |
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Fluidization | |
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Dynamics of a Bubble-Cap Distillation Column | |
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Cyclone Separators | |
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Sedimentation | |
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Dimensional Analysis | |
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Thickness of the Laminar Sublayer | |
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Problems for Chapter 4 | |
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Microscopic Fluid Mechanics | |
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Differential Equations of Fluid Mechanics | |
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Introduction to Vector Analysis | |
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Vector Operations | |
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The Gradient of a Scalar | |
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The Divergence of a Vector | |
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An Alternative to the Differential Element | |
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The Curl of a Vector | |
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The Laplacian of a Scalar | |
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Other Coordinate Systems | |
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The Convective Derivative | |
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Differential Mass Balance | |
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Physical Interpretation of the Net Rate of Mass Outflow | |
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Alternative Derivation of the Continuity Equation | |
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Differential Momentum Balances | |
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Newtonian Stress Components in Cartesian Coordinates | |
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Constant-Viscosity Momentum Balances in Terms of Velocity Gradients | |
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Vector Form of Variable-Viscosity Momentum Balance | |
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Problems for Chapter 5 | |
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Solution of Viscous-Flow Problems | |
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Introduction | |
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Solution of the Equations of Motion in Rectangular Coordinates | |
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Flow Between Parallel Plates | |
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Alternative Solution Using a Shell Balance | |
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Shell Balance for Flow Between Parallel Plates | |
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Film Flow on a Moving Substrate | |
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Transient Viscous Diffusion of Momentum (COMSOL) | |
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Poiseuille and Couette Flows in Polymer Processing | |
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The Single-Screw Extruder | |
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Flow Patterns in a Screw Extruder (COMSOL) | |
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Solution of the Equations of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates | |
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Flow Through an Annular Die | |
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Spinning a Polymeric Fiber | |
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Solution of the Equations of Motion in Spherical Coordinates | |
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Analysis of a Cone-and-Plate Rheometer | |
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Problems for Chapter 6 | |
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Laplace's Equation, Irrotational and Porous-Media Flows | |
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Introduction | |
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Rotational and Irrotational Flows | |
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Forced and Free Vortices | |
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Steady Two-Dimensional Irrotational Flow | |
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Physical Interpretation of the Stream Function | |
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Examples of Planar Irrotational Flow | |
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Stagnation Flow | |
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Combination of a Uniform Stream and a Line Sink (C) | |
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Flow Patterns in a Lake (COMSOL) | |
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Axially Symmetric Irrotational Flow | |
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Uniform Streams and Point Sources | |
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Doublets and Flow Past a Sphere | |
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Single-Phase Flow in a Porous Medium | |
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Underground Flow of Water | |
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Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media | |
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Wave Motion in Deep Water | |
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Problems for Chapter 7 | |
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Boundary-Layer and Other Nearly Unidirectional Flows | |
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Introduction | |
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Simplified Treatment of Laminar Flow Past a Flat Plate | |
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Flow in an Air Intake (C) | |
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Simplification of the Equations of Motion | |
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Blasius Solution for Boundary-Layer Flow | |
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Turbulent Boundary Layers | |
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Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layers Compared | |
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Dimensional Analysis of the Boundary-Layer Problem | |
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Boundary-Layer Separation | |
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Boundary-Layer Flow Between Parallel Plates (COMSOL Library) | |
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Entrance Region for Laminar Flow Between Flat Plates | |
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The Lubrication Approximation | |
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Flow in a Lubricated Bearing (COMSOL) | |
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Polymer Processing by Calendering | |
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Pressure Distribution in a Calendered Sheet | |
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Thin Films and Surface Tension | |
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Problems for Chapter 8 | |
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Turbulent Flow | |
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Introduction | |
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Numerical Illustration of a Reynolds Stress Term | |
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Physical Interpretation of the Reynolds Stresses | |
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Mixing-Length Theory | |
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Determination of Eddy Kinematic Viscosity and Mixing Length | |
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Velocity Profiles Based on Mixing-Length Theory | |
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Investigation of the von Karman Hypothesis | |
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The Universal Velocity Profile for Smooth Pipes | |
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Friction Factor in Terms of Reynolds Number for Smooth Pipes | |
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Expression for the Mean Velocity | |
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Thickness of the Laminar Sublayer | |
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Velocity Profiles and Friction Factor for Rough Pipe | |
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Blasius-Type Law and the Power-Law Velocity Profile | |
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A Correlation for the Reynolds Stresses | |
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Computation of Turbulence by the [kappa]/[epsilon] Method | |
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Flow Through an Orifice Plate (COMSOL) | |
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Turbulent Jet Flow (COMSOL) | |
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Analogies Between Momentum and Heat Transfer | |
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Evaluation of the Momentum/Heat-Transfer Analogies | |
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Turbulent Jets | |
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Problems for Chapter 9 | |
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Bubble Motion, Two-Phase Flow, and Fluidization | |
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Introduction | |
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Rise of Bubbles in Unconfined Liquids | |
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Rise Velocity of Single Bubbles | |
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Pressure Drop and Void Fraction in Horizontal Pipes | |
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Two-Phase Flow in a Horizontal Pipe | |
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Two-Phase Flow in Vertical Pipes | |
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Limits of Bubble Flow | |
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Performance of a Gas-Lift Pump | |
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Two-Phase Flow in a Vertical Pipe | |
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Flooding | |
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Introduction to Fluidization | |
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Bubble Mechanics | |
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Bubbles in Aggregatively Fluidized Beds | |
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Fluidized Bed with Reaction (C) | |
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Problems for Chapter 10 | |
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Non-Newtonian Fluids | |
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Introduction | |
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Classification of Non-Newtonian Fluids | |
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Constitutive Equations for Inelastic Viscous Fluids | |
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Pipe Flow of a Power-Law Fluid | |
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Pipe Flow of a Bingham Plastic | |
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Non-Newtonian Flow in a Die (COMSOL Library) | |
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Constitutive Equations for Viscoelastic Fluids | |
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Response to Oscillatory Shear | |
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Characterization of the Rheological Properties of Fluids | |
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Proof of the Rabinowitsch Equation | |
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Working Equation for a Coaxial-Cylinder Rheometer: Newtonian Fluid | |
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Problems for Chapter 11 | |
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Microfluidics and Electrokinetic Flow Effects | |
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Introduction | |
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Physics of Microscale Fluid Mechanics | |
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Pressure-Driven Flow Through Microscale Tubes | |
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Calculation of Reynolds Numbers | |
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Mixing, Transport, and Dispersion | |
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Species, Energy, and Charge Transport | |
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The Electrical Double Layer and Electrokinetic Phenomena | |
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Relative Magnitudes of Electroosmotic and Pressure-Driven Flows | |
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Electroosmotic Flow Around a Particle | |
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Electroosmosis in a Microchannel (COMSOL) | |
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Electroosmotic Switching in a Branched Microchannel (COMSOL) | |
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Measuring the Zeta Potential | |
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Magnitude of Typical Streaming Potentials | |
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Electroviscosity | |
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Particle and Macromolecule Motion in Microfluidic Channels | |
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Gravitational and Magnetic Settling of Assay Beads | |
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Problems for Chapter 12 | |
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An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics and Flowlab | |
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Introduction and Motivation | |
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Numerical Methods | |
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Learning CFD by Using FlowLab | |
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Practical CFD Examples | |
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Developing Flow in a Pipe Entrance Region (FlowLab) | |
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Pipe Flow Through a Sudden Expansion (FlowLab) | |
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A Two-Dimensional Mixing Junction (FlowLab) | |
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Flow Over a Cylinder (FlowLab) | |
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References for Chapter 13 | |
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Comsol (Femlab) Multiphysics for Solving Fluid Mechanics Problems | |
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Introduction to COMSOL | |
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How to Run COMSOL | |
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Flow in a Porous Medium with an Obstruction (COMSOL) | |
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Draw Mode | |
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Solution and Related Modes | |
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Fluid Mechanics Problems Solvable by COMSOL | |
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Problems for Chapter 14 | |
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Useful Mathematical Relationships | |
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Answers to the True/False Assertions | |
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Some Vector and Tensor Operations | |
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Index | |
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The Authors | |