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What Does "Living with Earth" Mean? | |
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Environmental Geology and You | |
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How People and Earth Interact | |
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Human Population | |
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Resource Consumption | |
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The Technology Factor | |
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Earth's Impact on People | |
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In the News: the Increasing Costs of U.S. Natural Disasters | |
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How Earth Systems Interact | |
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Energy and Systems | |
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Matter and Systems | |
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Two Types of Systems | |
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How Science Helps | |
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The Scientific Method | |
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Science in Your Future | |
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Availability of Water | |
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Transition from Oil to Other Energy Sources | |
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The Effects of Global Climate Change | |
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How to Achieve Sustainability in the Future | |
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Sustaining Biodiversity | |
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Carrying Capacity | |
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Easter Island | |
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Understanding Your Role | |
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Earth Systems | |
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Earth's Geosphere | |
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The Geosphere's Origin | |
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The Compositional Structure of the Geosphere | |
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The Core | |
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The Mantle | |
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The Crust | |
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The Physical Structure of the Geosphere | |
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The Inner and Outer Core | |
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The Lower Mantle | |
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The Mantle Transition Zone | |
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The Upper Mantle | |
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The Asthenosphere | |
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The Lithosphere | |
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Earth's Atmosphere | |
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The Atmosphere's Origin | |
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The Second Atmosphere | |
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The Third Atmosphere | |
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The Compositional Structure of the Atmosphere | |
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The Homosphere | |
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The Heterosphere | |
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The Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere | |
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The Troposphere | |
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The Stratosphere | |
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The Mesosphere | |
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The Thermosphere | |
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Earth's Hydrosphere | |
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Origin of Earth's Water | |
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In the News: Deep Impact Investigating Water's Origin | |
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Reservoirs in the Hydrosphere | |
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The World Ocean | |
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Glaciers, Ice Caps, and Ice Sheets | |
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The Water Cycle | |
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You Make the Call: Whose Water Is It? | |
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Earth's Biosphere | |
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Life's Beginnings | |
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Evolution | |
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Establishing the Foundation | |
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Darwin and Wallace | |
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Natural Selection | |
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Extinctions | |
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Mass Extinctions | |
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The Passenger Pigeon | |
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What You Can Do: Investigate Mass Extinctions | |
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Understanding Geologic Time and Earth History | |
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Relative Geologic Ages | |
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Sedimentary Rocks | |
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Fossil Succession | |
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The Geologic Time Scale | |
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Absolute Geologic Ages | |
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Natural Clocks | |
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Radiometric Dating | |
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Rates of Earth-System Processes | |
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People's Place in Earth History | |
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The Dynamic Geosphere and Plate Tectonics | |
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Early Thoughts About Moving Continents | |
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Setting the Stage | |
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Alfred Wegener and Continental Drift | |
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Explaining Moving Continents Plate Tectonics | |
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Wandering Magnetic Poles | |
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Exploring the Ocean Basins | |
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Seafloor Spreading | |
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Magnetic Stripes | |
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Earthquakes Provide Another Test | |
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Plate Tectonics Today | |
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Plate Boundaries Where the Action Is | |
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In the News: Watching Earth Move | |
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Divergent Plate Boundaries | |
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Convergent Plate Boundaries | |
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Transform Plate Boundaries | |
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You Make the Call: Living on a Plate Boundary | |
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Plate Tectonics the Big Picture | |
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Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes | |
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What You Can Do: Keep Track of Earthquakes | |
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Plate Tectonics and Volcanoes | |
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Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building | |
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Accretion along the Continental Margin | |
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Compression at Convergent Plate Boundaries | |
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Collision of Continents at Convergent Plate Boundaries | |
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The Role of Magma | |
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Plate Tectonics and Mineral Resources | |
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Geosphere Materials | |
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The Geosphere's Chemical Composition | |
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The Composition of the Geosphere | |
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The Composition of the Crust | |
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Minerals Where Elements Reside | |
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Making Minerals | |
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Quartz the Silicon and Oxygen Mineral | |
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Physical Properties and Occurrence | |
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Silicosis | |
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The Feldspars | |
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Physical Properties and Occurrence | |
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Changing Feldspars | |
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The Ferromagnesium Minerals | |
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Olivine and Pyroxene | |
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Changing Olivine and Pyroxene to Serpentine | |
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In the News: 9/11 Dust | |
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Biotite and Amphibole | |
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Living (and Dying) with Fibrous Amphibole | |
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Other Minerals the Sulfides, Oxides, and Carbonates | |
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Sulfides | |
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Oxides | |
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Carbonates | |
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What You Can Do: Investigate Mineral Use | |
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Rocks Where Minerals Reside | |
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Making Oceanic Crust | |
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Making Continental Crust | |
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Changing Rocks in the Rock Cycle | |
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Igneous Rocks and Crustal Melting | |
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Weathering and Erosion | |
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Sedimentation and Lithification | |
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Metamorphism | |
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Using Rocks | |
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What You Can Do: Investigate Rock Use | |
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Aggregate | |
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Aggregate Mining and the Environment | |
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Physical Disturbances | |
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Dust and Noise | |
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Congestion and Safety | |
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You Make the Call: Aggregate Mining in Your Neighborhood | |
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Earthquakes | |
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Earthquake Basics | |
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What Earthquakes Are | |
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Where Earthquakes Occur | |
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Transform Plate Boundaries | |
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Convergent Plate Boundaries | |
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Divergent Plate Boundaries | |
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Intraplate Earthquakes | |
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Earthquakes and Faults | |
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The Elastic Rebound Theory of Earthquakes | |
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Creepy Faults | |
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Earthquake Waves | |
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Body Waves | |
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Surface Waves | |
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Investigating Earthquakes | |
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Measuring Earthquakes | |
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Strong-Motion Seismometers | |
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Experiencing What Seismometers Measure | |
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Earthquake Magnitude | |
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Earthquake Intensity | |
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What You Can Do: Map Earthquake Intensity | |
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Locating Earthquakes | |
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Locating the Epicenter | |
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Determining Earthquake Depth | |
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Earthquake Hazards | |
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Ground Shaking | |
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Magnitude | |
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Distance from the Focus | |
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Site Geology | |
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Ground Displacement and Failure | |
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Liquefaction | |
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Slope Failure | |
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Surface Ruptures | |
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Crustal Deformation | |
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Tsunamis | |
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Fires | |
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Construction Design | |
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In the News: the Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake | |
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Earthquake Prediction | |
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Short-Term Predictions | |
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Forecasts | |
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Seismic Gaps | |
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Recurrence Intervals | |
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Making Forecasts | |
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Mitigating Earthquake Hazards | |
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Earthquake Hazards Mapping | |
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What You Can Do: Investigate Earthquake Hazards | |
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Engineering for Earthquakes | |
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Emergency Response | |
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Earthquake Early Warning Systems | |
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Public Education and Preparedness | |
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In the News: Tsunami Education Saves Lives | |
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Tsunami Warning Systems | |
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You Make the Call: Who Is Responsible for Tsunami Warning Systems? | |
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Volcanoes | |
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Volcano Basics | |
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What Volcanoes Are | |
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Defining and Counting Volcanoes | |
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Types of Magmas | |
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Types of Volcanoes | |
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Shield Volcanoes | |
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Flood Basalts | |
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Cinder Cones | |
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Stratovolcanoes | |
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Large Calderas | |
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Eruption Magnitude | |
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The Benefits of Volcanoes | |
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Volcanoes: Where and Why | |
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Volcanoes at Divergent Plate Boundaries | |
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Volcanoes at Convergent Plate Boundaries | |
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Volcanoes Within Plates | |
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The Coast Might Be Toast (Someday) | |
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What You Can Do: Investigate Volcanism in Your State | |
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Volcanic Hazards | |
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Hazards of Stratovolcanoes | |
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Ash Hazards on the Ground | |
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Ash Hazards in the Atmosphere | |
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Pyroclastic Flows | |
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Lahars | |
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A Stratovolcano in Action: Mount St. Helens | |
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Hazards of Shield Volcanoes | |
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Lava Flows | |
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Shield Volcanoes in Action: Kilauea | |
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Volcanic Gases | |
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Hazards to People | |
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Hazards to Plant Life | |
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Climate Changes | |
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In the News: Getting Your Own Weekly Volcano Report | |
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Living with Volcanoes | |
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Going to War with Pele | |
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How Science Helps | |
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Volcanology a Hazardous Profession | |
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Hazard Assessments | |
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Monitoring Volcanic Activity | |
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Monitoring Eruption Precursors | |
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Volcanic Crisis Response | |
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Pinatubo: A Successful Crisis Response | |
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What Made the Difference? | |
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How Communities Respond to Volcanic Hazards | |
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You Make the Call: Living in the Shadow of Mount Rainier | |
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Rivers and Flooding | |
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River Basics | |
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Watersheds | |
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What You Can Do: Investigate Your Watershed | |
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Flow, Discharge, and Channels | |
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Base Level | |
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Longitudinal Profiles and Gradient | |
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Erosion | |
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Sediment Transport | |
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Sediment Deposition | |
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Floodplains | |
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Floods | |
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What Floods Are | |
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Precipitation and Flooding | |
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Intensity | |
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Duration | |
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Timing | |
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Failing Dams and Flooding | |
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Failure of Landslide Dams | |
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Failure of Ice Dams | |
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Failure of Constructed Dams | |
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Land Use and Flooding | |
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Effect of Cultivation | |
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Loss of Wetlands | |
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Urbanization | |
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In the News: the Eastern Deluge of 2006 | |
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Man-Made Floods | |
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Types of River Floods | |
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Flash Floods | |
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Riverine Floods | |
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Measuring and Forecasting Floods | |
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Hydrographs | |
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What You Can Do: Investigate Real-Time Stream Gage Data | |
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Flood Recurrence Intervals | |
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The 100-Year Flood | |
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Flood Probability | |
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Limitations of Historical Data | |
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Living with Floods | |
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Flood Hazards | |
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Mitigating Floods: the Structural Approach | |
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Channel Alteration | |
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Flood-Control Dams | |
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You Make the Call: Would You Build the Three Gorges Dam? | |
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Diversion Channels/Floodways | |
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Detention Ponds | |
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The Mississippi River Flood-Control System | |
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Pros and Cons of the Structural Approach | |
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Mitigating Floods: the Nonstructural Approach | |
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The U.S. National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) | |
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Relocations and Voluntary Buyouts | |
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Sustainable Floodplain Management | |
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Unstable Land | |
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Slope Stability Basics | |
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The Driving Force Gravity | |
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Resisting Gravity | |
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Slope Materials | |
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Slope Steepness | |
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Water Content | |
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Vegetation | |
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Types of Unstable Land | |
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Slope Failures | |
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Falls | |
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Slides | |
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Flows | |
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What You Can Do: Tour an Earthflow | |
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Creep | |
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Complex Mass Movements | |
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Subsidence | |
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Regional Subsidence | |
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Karst-Related Subsidence | |
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Mining-Related Subsidence | |
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Causes of Land Failure | |
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Weather | |
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Hurricanes | |
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El Niuo | |
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In the News: Landslide Weather | |
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You Make the Call: What Would You Do with La Conchita? | |
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Earthquakes | |
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Wildfires | |
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Slope Steepening | |
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People and Slope Failure | |
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People and Subsidence | |
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Subsidence in California's San Joaquin Valley | |
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Regional Subsidence and Cities | |
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Groundwater Pumping and Sinkholes | |
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Urbanization and Sinkholes | |
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Living with Unstable Land | |
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Living with Unstable Slopes | |
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Assessing Slope Hazards | |
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Acting on Hazard Information | |
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What You Can Do: Investigate Unstable Slopes in Your Community | |
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Engineering Stronger Slopes | |
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What You Can Do: Monitor the U.S. Highway 50 Landslide | |
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Living with Subsidence | |
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Regional Subsidence | |
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Karst-Related Subsidence | |
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Mine-Related Subsidence | |
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Changing Coasts | |
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Coastal Basics | |
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Waves | |
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Measuring Waves | |
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Waves in Deep Water | |
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Waves in Shallow Water | |
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Wave Refraction | |
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Nearshore Currents | |
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Longshore Drift | |
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Rip Currents | |
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Tides | |
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What You Can Do: Keep Track of Tides | |
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Sea Level Change | |
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Global Sea Level Change | |
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Local Sea Level Changes | |
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Coastal Features | |
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The Atlantic Coast | |
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Florida's Living Coast | |
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The Gulf of Mexico Coast | |
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The Pacific Coast | |
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The Alaska Coast | |
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A Closer Look at Beaches | |
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Beach Anatomy | |
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Beach Materials | |
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Sediment Supply | |
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The Beach in Action | |
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Coastal Erosion and Sedimentation | |
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Coastal Erosion | |
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Beach Erosion | |
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Sea Cliff Erosion | |
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Coastal Sedimentation | |
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Where Sediment Is Deposited | |
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The Mississippi River Delta | |
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In the News: Sustaining the Mississippi Delta | |
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Coasts and Storms | |
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Hurricanes | |
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Winter Storms | |
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Coastal Storm Hazards | |
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Hurricane Katrina and New Orleans | |
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You Make the Call: What Do We Do with New Orleans?9.5 Living with Changing Coasts | |
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Hard Stabilization | |
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Seawalls, Bulkheads, and Revetments | |
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Breakwaters | |
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Groins and Jetties | |
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Soft Stabilization | |
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Beach Nourishment | |
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Saving Miami Beach | |
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Dune Restoration | |
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Managing Sediments | |
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Dredging | |
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Sediment Contamination | |
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Mitigating Coastal Storm Hazards | |
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Coastal Zone Management | |
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You Make the Call: Dealing with Falmouth's Changing Coast | |
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Water Resources | |
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Water Resources | |
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Surface-Water Resources | |
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The Colorado River | |
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In the News: Great Lakes Water Wars | |
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Groundwater Resources | |
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The High Plains Aquifer | |
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You Make the Call: Who Wins in Las Vegas? | |
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Surface and Groundwater Connections | |
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Making Fresh Water Desalination | |
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How People Use Water | |
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Water Use in the United States | |
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Freshwater Use | |
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Public Water Supplies | |
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Irrigation | |
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Electric Power Generation | |
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Other Water Uses | |
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Water Withdrawal and the Environment | |
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Dams | |
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Groundwater Mining | |
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Land Subsidence | |
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Groundwater Pumping and Surface Water | |
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Saltwater Intrusion | |
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Water Quality and Pollution | |
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Dr. John Snow and Water-Borne Disease | |
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Natural Water Quality | |
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Pure Rainwater? | |
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Arsenic in Natural Water | |
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Parasites in Natural Water | |
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Pollution and Water Quality | |
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Microbes | |
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Inorganic Contaminants | |
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Human-Made Chemicals | |
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Sediment | |
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Sources of Pollutants | |
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Point Sources | |
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Nonpoint Sources | |
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Groundwater Pollution A Special Problem | |
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What You Can Do: Investigate Your Water Quality | |
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Sustaining Water Resources | |
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Water Treatment | |
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Recycling Wastewater | |
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Conservation Using Less Water | |
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Household Water Conservation | |
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Community Water Conservation | |
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Water-Saving Agriculture | |
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Results of Water Conservation | |
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Resource Management Making Better Use of Water Resources | |
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Groundwater Management | |
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Comprehensive Water Management | |
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Soil Resources | |
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What Soil Resources Are | |
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Soil Definitions | |
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Soil Functions | |
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Food and Fiber | |
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Water Storage and Cleaning | |
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Waste Recycling | |
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Soil as Habitat | |
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Earth Systems Interactions | |
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How Soils Form | |
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Soil-Forming Processes | |
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The Soil Profile | |
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Soil Variations | |
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Soil Properties | |
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Physical Properties | |
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Compositional Properties | |
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Biological Properties | |
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Soil Quality | |
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Soil Degradation and Loss | |
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Erosion | |
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Soil Contamination | |
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Salination | |
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Fertilizers | |
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In the News: Pathogens in Your Produce | |
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Pesticides | |
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Biodiversity Depletion | |
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Nutrient Depletion | |
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You Make the Call: Is Ethanol a Sustainable Energy Resource? | |
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Urbanization and Soil | |
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Sustaining Soil Resources | |
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Soil Conservation | |
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What You Can Do: Use Your Local Soil Conservation District | |
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Soil Remediation | |
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Bioremediation | |
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Phytoremediation | |
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Desalination of Soil | |
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Soil Protection | |
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Mineral Resources | |
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What Mineral Resources Are | |
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What You Can Do: Investigate Mineral Resource Economics | |
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Making Mineral Deposits | |
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The Shapes of Mineral Deposits | |
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Finding, Mining, and Processing Mineral Resources | |
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Finding Mineral Resources | |
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Trenching | |
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Drilling | |
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Infrastructure | |
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In the News: Donlin Creek Gold Deposit | |
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Mining Mineral Resources | |
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Open-Pit mining | |
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Underground Mining | |
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The West's Legacy Abandoned Mine Lands | |
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Processing Mineral Resources | |
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Milling | |
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Flotation | |
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Tailings | |
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Leaching | |
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Recovering Metals from Ore Concentrate | |
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Environmental Concerns | |
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Physical Disturbances | |
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Surface Water Quality | |
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Spills | |
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Erosion | |
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Discharge of Acid Rock Drainage | |
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Groundwater Quality | |
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Soil Quality | |
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Air Quality | |
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Dust | |
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Smelter Emissions | |
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Mineral Resources in the Future | |
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Future Mineral Resource Needs | |
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Recycling | |
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Sustainability and Mineral Resource Use | |
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You Make the Call: Where Should Mining Occur? | |
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Energy Resources | |
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Energy Basics | |
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Oil, Natural Gas, and the Environment | |
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Oil and Natural Gas Exploration | |
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Seismic Surveys | |
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Drilling | |
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Oil and Natural Gas Production | |
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Physical Disturbances | |
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Produced Water | |
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Oil and Natural Gas Transportation | |
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Marine Tanker Transport | |
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Oil in the Sea and You | |
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What You Can Do: Recycle Used Motor Oil | |
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Oil Refining | |
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Refining Safety | |
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Refinery Disturbances | |
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Refinery Wastes | |
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Oil and Natural Gas Consumption | |
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In the News: It Wasn't Just Dust from China | |
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Transportation fuels | |
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Coal combustion | |
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Greenhouse gases | |
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Coal and the Environment | |
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Coal Production | |
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Coal Processing | |
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Coal Combustion | |
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Pollutant Emissions | |
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions | |
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Coal's Future | |
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Nuclear Energy and the Environment | |
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Nuclear Energy | |
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Nuclear Reactor Safety | |
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Radioactive Waste Disposal | |
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You Make the Call: Where Do We Put Nuclear Waste?13.5 Renewable Energy and the Environment | |
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Biomass | |
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Geothermal Energy | |
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What You Can Do: Use a Geothermal Heat Pump | |
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Hydropower | |
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Wind Power | |
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Solar Power | |
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The Energy Challenges Ahead | |
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The Cost of Oil | |
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Energy Transitions | |
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Oil Sands and Oil Shales | |
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In the News: Mining Oil | |
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A Natural Gas Age? | |
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A Hydrogen Age? | |
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An Energy Wild Card? | |
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The Significance of Emissions | |
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Sustainability | |
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What You Can Do: Save Energy | |
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Atmosphere Resources and Climate Change | |
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What Atmosphere Resources Are | |
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Compositional Characteristics | |
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Physical Characteristics | |
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What You Can Do: Monitor the Weather | |
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Air Pollution | |
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Pollutants | |
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Volatile Organic Compounds | |
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In the News: Why Do We Like "New Car Smell"? | |
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Nitrogen Oxides | |
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Sulfur Dioxide | |
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Carbon Monoxide | |
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Carbon Dioxide | |
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Smog | |
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Acid Rain | |
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What You Can Do: Investigate Acid Rain Damage in Washington, DC | |
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Air Pollution and the Ozone Layer | |
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The Atmosphere and Climate Change | |
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Atmosphere Composition and Climate; Greenhouse Gases | |
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Solar Radiation and Climate | |
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Brightness | |
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Axis Tilt | |
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Orbital Eccentricity | |
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Earth's Precession | |
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Milankovitch Cycles | |
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Tectonic Processes and Climate | |
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Continent Size and Distribution | |
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Mountain Ranges | |
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Volcanoes | |
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History of Climate Change | |
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Paleoclimatology Studying Past Climates | |
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Sedimentary Records | |
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Fossils | |
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Oxygen Isotopes | |
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Atmosphere Samples in Ice Cores | |
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Sea Level History | |
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Precambrian Atmosphere Composition and Climate | |
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Phanerozoic Atmosphere and Climates | |
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What You Can Do: Investigate Plate Tectonics and Climate Change | |
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The Last Few Million Years | |
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People and Climate Change | |
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People and Greenhouse Gases | |
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Assessing Climate Change | |
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The IPCC | |
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Climate Models | |
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The IPCC 2007 Assessment | |
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A Closer Look Climate Change and Sea Level | |
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IPCC Story Lines and Scenarios | |
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Popular Portrayals of Sea Level Rise Due to Global Warming | |
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The IPCC Projections | |
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Sea Level Change after 2100 | |
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Rapid Climate Change Another Wild Card | |
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Dealing with Climate Change | |
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The Kyoto Protocol | |
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Carbon Sequestration: A Key Technology | |
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What You Can Do: Calculate Your Contribution to Greenhouse Gases | |
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Controlling Climate | |
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You Make the Call: What's the Optimum Global Climate for Earth? | |
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Managing People's Environmental Impact | |
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Environmental Policy | |
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What You Can Do: Investigate Corporate Environmental Policy | |
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National Environmental Policy | |
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National Environmental Policy Act | |
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In the News: the Alaska Natural Gas Pipeline | |
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Clean Water Act | |
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Clean Air Act | |
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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act | |
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Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act | |
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What You Can Do: Investigate Superfund Sites Near You | |
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Land-Use Designations | |
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State Environmental Policies | |
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Special Interest Group Policies | |
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Public Awareness and Environmental Policy | |
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Environmental Regulation | |
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Environmental Standards | |
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Air Quality Standards | |
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Water Quality Standards | |
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Soil Quality Standards | |
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Permitting | |
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Enforcement | |
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Third-Party Litigation | |
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In the News: Protecting the Spotted Owl | |
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Economics and Environmental Management | |
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Business Opportunities | |
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In Situ Uranium Leaching | |
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Recycling Consumer Electronics | |
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Landfill Energy | |
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Ecotourism | |
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Economic Influences on People's Choices | |
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You Make the Call: Raise Gasoline Prices? | |
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Using Markets to Achieve Environmental Objectives | |
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Funding Incentives | |
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Decision Making | |
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The Stillwater Mine Example | |
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Our System's Strengths | |