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| Detailed contents | |
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| Preface | |
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| Preface to the second edition | |
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| Preface to the first edition | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Basic science, terminology and abbreviations | |
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| What is cancer? | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Carcinogenesis requires several cellular changes | |
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| Lifestyle and family influences on cancer | |
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| Changes continue to accumulate after cancer formation | |
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| Cancers are most common in epithelial cells | |
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| Cancer results from uncontrolled growth | |
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| Cancer genesInvasion and metastasis | |
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| Some cancers are curable | |
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| Prevention, screening and treatment | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Websites | |
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| Natural history: the life of a cancer | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Clonal origins of cancer | |
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| Experimental biology | |
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| Box 2.1: Special mice used in cancer research | |
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| Clinical dataLinking laboratory and clinic | |
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| Pathology: defining a neoplasm | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Box 3.1: Classifying cancers | |
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| Histopathology | |
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| Cytology | |
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| Immunohistochemistry | |
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| Molecular techniques | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Epidemiology: identifying causes for human cancers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Descriptive epidemiology | |
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| Box 4.1: Epidemiological methods and terminology | |
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| Analytical epidemiology | |
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| Criteria required to establish causality | |
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| Biomarkers | |
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| Molecular epidemiology | |
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| Factors that influence human carcinogenesis | |
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| Cancer prevention | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and viruses | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Box 5.1: Molecular terms relevant to genes and their regulation | |
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| Oncogenes | |
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| Tumour suppressor genes | |
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| Oncogenes and tumour suppressors cooperate | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Chemical and radiation carcinogenesis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Chemical carcinogenesis | |
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| Radiation carcinogenesis | |
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| Consequences of DNA damage | |
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| Predicting the type of carcinogen by mutational spectrum analysis | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Mutations, DNA repair and genetic instability | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mutations | |
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| Genetic instability | |
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| Types of DNA damage | |
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| Clinical evidence that links DNA repair and carcinogenesis | |
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| Repair mechanisms | |
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| Coordination of DNA repair, proliferation and apoptosis | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Familial cancers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Box 8.1: Chromosome nomenclature and structure | |
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| Strong familial link | |
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| Weaker familial link | |
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| Connection with sporadic cancers | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Growth: a balance of cell proliferation, death and differentiation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Normal proliferation and its regulation | |
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| Box 9.1: BNA synthesis and telomere length | |
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| Cancer cells | |
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| Senescence, cell mortality and telomerase | |
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| Cell death | |
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| Apoptosis and cancer | |
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| Integration of proliferation, apoptosis and DNA repair | |
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| Differentiation | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Responding to the environment: growth regulation and signal transduction | |
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| General features | |
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| Growth factors | |
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| Growth factor receptors | |
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| Growth factors: from membrane to nucleus | |
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| Nuclear events stimulated by growth factors | |
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| Cell adhesion molecules | |
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| Box 10.1: How a cell interacts with its environment | |
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| Hydrophobic growth regulatory molecules | |
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| Cross-talk between signalling pathways | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Invasion and metastasis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General features | |
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| Escape from local control and invasion | |
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| Intravasation | |
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| Angiogenesis | |
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| Gene changes involved in metastasis | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Principles of cancer treatment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Principles behind the treatment of cancer | |
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| Chemotherapy | |
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| Hormone therapy | |
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| Immunotherapy/biological response modifier therapy | |
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| Photodynamic therapy | |
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| New forms of treatment | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Approaches to cancer prevention | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Breast cancer, tamoxifen and anastrozole | |
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| Endometrial/ovarian cancer and the contraceptive pill | |
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| Coloncancer and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | |
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| Diet | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Features of selected cancers | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |