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| Preface | |
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| Glossary of Symbols | |
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| Fundamentals | |
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| Impedance of Linear, Time-Invariant, Lumped-Element Circuits | |
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| Power Ratios | |
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| Rules of Scaling | |
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| Scaling of Physical Size | |
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| Power Scaling | |
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| Time Scaling | |
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| Impedance Scaling with Constant Voltage | |
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| Dielectric-Constant Scaling | |
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| Magnetic Permeability Scaling | |
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| The Concept of Resonance | |
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| Extra for Experts: Maximal Linear System Response to a Digital Input | |
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| Transmission Line Parameters | |
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| Telegrapher's Equations | |
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| So Good It Works on Barbed Wire | |
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| The No-Storage Principle and Its Implications for Returning Signal Current | |
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| Derivation of Telegrapher's Equations | |
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| Definition of Characteristic Impedance ZC | |
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| Changes in Characteristic Impedance | |
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| Calculation of Impedance Zc From Parameters R, L, G, And C | |
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| Definition of Propagation Coefficient [gamma] | |
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| Calculation of Propagation Coefficient [gamma] from Parameters R, L, G, and C | |
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| Ideal Transmission Line | |
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| DC Resistance | |
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| DC Conductance | |
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| Skin Effect | |
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| What Causes the Skin Effect, and What Does It Have to Do With Skin? | |
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| Eddy Currents within a Conductor | |
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| High and Low-Frequency Approximations for Series Resistance | |
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| Skin-Effect Inductance | |
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| Modeling Internal Impedance | |
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| Practical Modeling of Internal Impedance | |
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| Special Issues Concerning Rectangular Conductors | |
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| Concentric-Ring Skin-Effect Model | |
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| Modeling Skin Effect | |
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| Regarding Modeling Skin Effect | |
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| Proximity Effect | |
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| Proximity Factor | |
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| Proximity Effect for Coaxial Cables | |
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| Proximity Effect for Microstrip and Stripline Circuits | |
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| Last Words on Proximity Effect | |
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| Surface Roughness | |
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| Severity of Surface Roughness | |
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| Onset of Roughness Effect | |
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| Roughness of PCB Materials | |
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| Controlling Roughness | |
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| Dielectric Effects | |
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| Dielectric Loss Tangent | |
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| Rule of Mixtures | |
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| Calculating the Loss Tangent for a Uniform Dielectric Mixture | |
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| Calculating the Loss Tangent When You Don't Know q | |
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| Causality and the Network Function Relations | |
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| Finding [vertical bar]er[vertical bar] to Match a Measured Loss Tangent | |
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| Kramers-Kronig Relations | |
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| Complex Magnetic Permeability | |
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| Impedance in Series with the Return Path | |
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| Slow-Wave Mode On-Chip | |
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| Performance Regions | |
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| Signal Propagation Model | |
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| Extracting Parameters for RLGC Simulators | |
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| Hierarchy of Regions | |
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| A Transmission Line Is Always a Transmission Line | |
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| Necessary Mathematics: Input Impedance and Transfer Function | |
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| Lumped-Element Region | |
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| Boundary of Lumped-Element Region | |
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| Pi Model | |
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| Taylor-Series Approximation of H (Lumped-Element Region) | |
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| Input impedance (Lumped-Element Region) | |
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| Transfer Function (Lumped-Element Region) | |
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| Step Response (Lumped-Element Region) | |
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| RC Region | |
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| Boundary of RC Region | |
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| Input Impedance (RC Region) | |
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| Characteristic Impedance (RC Region) | |
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| General Behavior within RC Region | |
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| Propagation Coefficient (RC Region) | |
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| Transfer Function (RC Region) | |
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| Normalized Step Response (RC Region) | |
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| Tradeoffs Between Distance and Speed (RC Region) | |
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| Closed-Form Solution for Step Response (RC Region) | |
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| Elmore Delay Estimation (RC Region) | |
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| LC Region (Constant-Loss Region) | |
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| Boundary of LC Region | |
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| Characteristic Impedance (LC Region) | |
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| Influence of Series Resistance on TDR Measurements | |
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| Propagation Coefficient (LC Region) | |
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| Possibility of Severe Resonance within the LC Region | |
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| Terminating an LC Transmission Line | |
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| Tradeoffs Between Distance And Speed (LC Region) | |
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| Mixed-Mode Operation (LC and RC Regions) | |
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| Skin-Effect Region | |
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| Boundary of Skin-Effect Region | |
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| Characteristic Impedance (Skin-Effect Region) | |
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| Influence of Skin-Effect on TDR Measurement | |
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| Propagation Coefficient (Skin-Effect Region) | |
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| Possibility of Severe Resonance within Skin-Effect Region | |
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| Step Response (Skin-Effect Region) | |
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| Tradeoffs Between Distance and Speed (Skin-Effect Region) | |
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| Dielectric Loss Region | |
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| Boundary of Dielectric-Loss-Limited Region | |
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| Characteristic Impedance (Dielectric-Loss-Limited Region) | |
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| Influence of Dielectric Loss on TDR Measurement | |
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| Propagation Coefficient (Dielectric-Loss-Limited Region) | |
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| Possibility of Severe Resonance within Dielectric-Loss Limited Region | |
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| Step Response (Dielectric-Loss-Limited Region) | |
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| Tradeoffs Between Distance and Speed (Dielectric-Loss Region) | |
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| Waveguide Dispersion Region | |
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| Boundary of Waveguide-Dispersion Region | |
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| Summary of Breakpoints Between Regions | |
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| Equivalence Principle for Transmission Media | |
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| Scaling Copper Transmission Media | |
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| Scaling Multimode Fiber-Optic Cables | |
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| Linear Equalization: Long Backplane Trace Example | |
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| Adaptive Equalization: Accelerant Networks Transceiver | |
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| Frequency-Domain Modeling | |
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| Going Nonlinear | |
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| Approximations to the Fourier Transform | |
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| Discrete Time Mapping | |
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| Other Limitations of the FFT | |
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| Normalizing the Output of an FFT Routine | |
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| Deriving the DFT Normalization Factors | |
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| Useful Fourier Transform-Pairs | |
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| Effect of Inadequate Sampling Rate | |
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| Implementation of Frequency-Domain Simulation | |
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| Embellishments | |
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| What if a Large Bulk-Transport Delay Causes the Waveform to Slide Off the end of the Time-Domain Window? | |
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| How Do I Transform an Arbitrary Data Sequence? | |
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| How Do I Shift the Time-Domain Waveforms? | |
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| What If I Want to Model a More Complicated System? | |
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| What About Differential Modeling? | |
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| Checking the Output of Your FFT Routine | |
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| Pcb (printed-circuit board) Traces | |
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| Pcb Signal Propagation | |
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| Characteristic Impedance and Delay | |
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| Resistive Effects | |
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| Dielectric Effects | |
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| Mixtures of Skin Effect and Dielectric Loss | |
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| Non-TEM Modes | |
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| Limits to Attainable Distance | |
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| SONET Data Coding | |
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| Pcb Noise and Interference | |
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| Pcb: Reflections | |
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| Pcb Crosstalk | |
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| Pcb Connectors | |
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| Mutual Understanding | |
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| Through-Hole Clearances | |
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| Measuring Connectors | |
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| Tapered Transitions | |
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| Straddle-Mount Connectors | |
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| Cable Shield Grounding | |
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| Modeling Vias | |
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| Incremental Parameters of a Via | |
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| Three Models for a Via | |
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| Dangling Vias | |
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| Capacitance Data | |
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| Inductance Data | |
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| The Future of On-Chip Interconnections | |
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| Differential Signaling | |
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| Single-Ended Circuits | |
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| Two-Wire Circuits | |
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| Differential Signaling | |
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| Differential and Common-Mode Voltages and Currents | |
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| Differential and Common-Mode velocity | |
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| Common-Mode Balance | |
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| Common-Mode Range | |
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| Differential to Common-Mode Conversion | |
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| Differential Impedance | |
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| Relation Between Odd-Mode and Uncoupled Impedance | |
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| Why the Odd-Mode Impedance Is Always Less Than the Uncoupled Impedance | |
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| Differential Reflections | |
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| Pcb Configurations | |
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| Differential (Microstrip) Trace Impedance | |
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| Edge-Coupled Stripline | |
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| Breaking Up a Pair | |
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| Broadside-Coupled Stripline | |
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| PCB Applications | |
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| Matching to an External, Balanced Differential Transmission Medium | |
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| Defeating ground bounce | |
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| Reducing EMI with Differential Signaling | |
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| Punching Through a Noisy Connector | |
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| Reducing Clock Skew | |
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| Reducing Local Crosstalk | |
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| A Good Reference about Transmission Lines | |
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| Differential Clocks | |
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| Differential Termination | |
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| Differential U-Turn | |
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| Your Layout Is Skewed | |
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| Buying Time | |
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| Intercabinet Applications | |
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| Ribbon-Style Twisted-Pair Cables | |
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| Immunity to Large Ground Shifts | |
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| Rejection of External Radio-Frequency Interference (RFI) | |
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| Differential Receivers Have Superior Tolerance to Skin Effect and Other High-Frequency Losses | |
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| LVDS Signaling | |
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| Output Levels | |
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| Common-Mode Output | |
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| Common-Mode Noise Tolerance | |
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| Differential-Mode Noise Tolerance | |
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| Hysteresis | |
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| Impedance Control | |
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| Trace Radiation | |
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| Risetime | |
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| Input Capacitance | |
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| Skew | |
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| Fail-Safe | |
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| Generic Building-Cabling Standards | |
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| Generic Cabling Architecture | |
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| SNR Budgeting | |
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| Glossary of Cabling Terms | |
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| Preferred Cable Combinations | |
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| FAQ: Building-Cabling Practices | |
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| Crossover Wiring | |
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| Plenum-Rated Cables | |
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| Laying cables in an Uncooled Attic Space | |
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| FAQ: Older Cable Types | |
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| 100-Ohm Balanced Twisted-Pair Cabling | |
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| UTP Signal Propagation | |
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| UTP Modeling | |
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| Adapting the Metallic-Transmission Model | |
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| UTP Transmission Example: 10BASE-T | |
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| UTP Noise and Interference | |
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| UTP: Far-End Reflections | |
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| UTP: Near-End Reflections | |
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| UTP: Hybrid Circuits | |
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| UTP: Near-End Crosstalk | |
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| UTP: Alien crosstalk | |
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| UTP: Far-End Crosstalk | |
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| Power sum NEXT and ELFEXT | |
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| UTP: Radio-Frequency Interference | |
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| UTP: Radiation | |
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| UTP Connectors | |
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| Issues with Screening | |
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| Category-3 UTP at Elevated Temperature | |
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| 150-Ohm STP-A Cabling | |
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| 150-[Omega] STP-A Signal Propagation | |
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| 150-[Omega] STP-A Noise and Interference | |
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| 150-[Omega] STP-A: Skew | |
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| 150-[Omega] STP-A: Radiation and Safety | |
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| 150-[Omega] STP-A: Comparison with UTP | |
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| 150-[Omega] STP-A Connectors | |
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| Coaxial Cabling | |
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| Coaxial Signal Propagation | |
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| Stranded Center-Conductors | |
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| Why 50 Ohms? | |
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| 50-Ohm Mailbag | |
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| Coaxial Cable Noise and Interference | |
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| Coax: Far-End Reflected Noise | |
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| Coax: Radio Frequency Interference | |
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| Coax: Radiation | |
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| Coaxial Cable: Safety Issues | |
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| Coaxial Cable Connectors | |
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| Fiber-Optic Cabling | |
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| Making Glass Fiber | |
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| Finished Core Specifications | |
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| Cabling the Fiber | |
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| Wavelengths of Operation | |
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| Multimode Glass Fiber-Optic Cabling | |
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| Multimode Signal Propagation | |
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| Why Is Graded-Index Fiber Better than Step-Index? | |
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| Standards for Multimode Fiber | |
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| What Considerations Govern the Use of 50-micron Fiber? | |
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| Multimode Optical Performance Budget | |
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| Jitter | |
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| Multimode Fiber-Optic Noise and Interference | |
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| Multimode Fiber Safety | |
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| Multimode Fiber with Laser Source | |
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| VCSEL Diodes | |
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| Multimode Fiber-Optic Connectors | |
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| Single-Mode Fiber-Optic Cabling | |
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| Single-Mode Signal Propagation | |
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| Single-Mode Fiber-Optic Noise and Interference | |
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| Single-Mode Fiber Safety | |
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| Single-Mode Fiber-Optic Connectors | |
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| Clock Distribution | |
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| Extra Fries, Please | |
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| Arithmetic of Clock Skew | |
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| Clock Repeaters | |
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| Active Skew Correction | |
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| Zero-Delay Clock Repeaters | |
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| Compensating for Line Length | |
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| Stripline vs. Microstrip Delay | |
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| Importance of Terminating Clock Lines | |
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| Effect of Clock Receiver Thresholds | |
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| Effect of Split Termination | |
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| Intentional Delay Adjustments | |
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| Fixed Delay | |
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| Adjustable Delays | |
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| Automatically Programmable Delays | |
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| Serpentine Delays | |
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| Switchback Coupling | |
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| Driving Multiple Loads with Source Termination | |
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| To Tee or Not To Tee | |
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| Driving Two Loads | |
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| Daisy-Chain Clock Distribution | |
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| Case Study of Daisy-Chained Clock | |
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| The Jitters | |
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| When Clock Jitter Matters | |
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| Measuring Clock Jitter | |
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| Power Supply Filtering for Clock Sources, Repeaters, and PLL Circuits | |
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| Healthy Power | |
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| Clean Power | |
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| Intentional Clock Modulation | |
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| Signal Integrity Mailbag | |
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| Jitter-Free Clocks | |
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| Reduced-Voltage Signaling | |
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| Controlling Crosstalk on Clock Lines | |
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| Reducing Emissions | |
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| Time-Domain Simulation Tools and Methods | |
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| Ringing in a New Era | |
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| Signal Integrity Simulation Process | |
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| How Much Modeling Do You Need? | |
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| What Happens After Parameter Extraction? | |
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| A Word of Caution | |
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| The Underlying Simulation Engine | |
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| Evolving Forward | |
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| Pitfalls of SPICE-Like Algorithms | |
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| Transmission Lines | |
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| Interpreting Your Results | |
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| Using SPICE Intelligently | |
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| IBIS (I/O Buffer Information Specification) | |
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| What Is IBIS? | |
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| Who Created IBIS? | |
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| What Is Good About IBIS? | |
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| What's Wrong with IBIS? | |
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| What You Can Do to Help | |
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| IBIS: History and Future Direction | |
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| IBIS Historical Overview | |
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| Comparison to SPICE | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| IBIS: Issues with Interpolation | |
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| IBIS: Issues with SSO Noise | |
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| Nature of EMC Work | |
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| EMC Simulation | |
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| Power and Ground Resonance | |
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| Collected References | |
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| Points to Remember | |
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| Building a Signal Integrity Department | |
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| Calculation of Loss Slope | |
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| Two-Port Analysis | |
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| Simple Cases Involving Transmission Lines | |
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| |
| Fully Configured Transmission Line | |
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| Complicated Configurations | |
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| |
| |
| Accuracy of Pi Model | |
| |
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| Pi-Model Operated in the LC Region | |
| |
| |
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| erf() | |
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| Index | |