| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms of Reactions. Electron Delocalization and Resonance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrocyclic Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Conrotatory and Disrotatory Processes | |
| |
| |
| Explanations for the Woodward-Hoffman Rules | |
| |
| |
| Electrocyclic Reactions with Odd Numbers of Atoms | |
| |
| |
| Photochemical Cyclizations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cycloaddiction and Cycloreversion Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Suprafacial and Antarafacial Addition | |
| |
| |
| Selection Rules for Cycloaddition and Cycloreversion Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Examples of Thermal Cycloaddition Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Photochemical Cycloadditions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sigmatropic Reactions | |
| |
| |
| Theory of Sigmatropic Shifts | |
| |
| |
| Experimental Observations | |
| |
| |
| Sigmatropic Rearrangements of Charged Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Free-Energy Relationships | |
| |
| |
| The Hammett Equation | |
| |
| |
| Separation of Polar, Resonance, and Steric Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Migrations to Electron-Deficient Centers | |
| |
| |
| Migrations to Electron-Deficient Carbons | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of the Migrating Groups | |
| |
| |
| Rearrangements of Carbocations. Long-Distance Migrations | |
| |
| |
| Migrations to Nitrogen and Oxygen | |
| |
| |
| |
| Neighboring-Group Effects and Nonclassical Cations | |
| |
| |
| Substitution with Retention of Configuration | |
| |
| |
| Cyclic Halonium Ions | |
| |
| |
| Sulfur and Nitrogen Mustards | |
| |
| |
| Trans/Cis Rate Ratios. Neighboring Acetoxy Groups | |
| |
| |
| Cyclic Phenonium Ions. Double Bonds as Neighboring Groups | |
| |
| |
| Cyclopropane Rings as Neighboring Groups | |
| |
| |
| Neighboring Alkyl Groups: 2-Norbornyl Cations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rearrangements of Carbanions and Free Radicals | |
| |
| |
| Carbanion Rearrangements | |
| |
| |
| Rearrangements of Free Radicals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Carbenes, Carbenoids, and Nitrenes | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Formation of Carbenes and Nitrenes | |
| |
| |
| Singlet and Triplet Carbenes. Additions to Double Bonds | |
| |
| |
| Insertion Reactions. Rearrangements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Six-Membered Heterocyclic Rings | |
| |
| |
| Aromatic Heterocyclic Molecules | |
| |
| |
| Reactions of Pyridine and Its Analogs | |
| |
| |
| Synthesis of Six-Membered Heterocyclic Rings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Five-Membered Heterocyclic Rings | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Electron Delocalization and Aromaticity | |
| |
| |
| Reactions of Five-Membered Heterocyclic Rings | |
| |
| |
| Synthesis of Five-Membered Heteroaromatic Rings | |
| |
| |
| Index | |