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| Inland Waters and Their Catchments: An Introduction and Setting | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Setting | |
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| Organization of the Text | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| The Development of Limnology | |
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| Limnology and Its Roots | |
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| Limnology Between World War I and World War II | |
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| The Development of Ideas: Europe | |
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| The Development of Ideas: North America | |
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| Limnology after World War II | |
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| Scales and Patterns: A Conceptual Exploration | |
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| Water: A Unique and Important Substance | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Characteristics of Water | |
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| Water Resources, Water Pollution, and Lakes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Water Resources | |
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| Lakes, Rivers, Wetlands, and Their Global Distribution | |
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| A Look at "Typical" Lakes and Streams | |
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| Hydrology and Climate | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Water Movement in Catchments | |
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| Humans and the Hydrologic Cycle | |
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| Global Patterns in Precipitation and Runoff | |
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| Runoff and the Presence of Waterbodies | |
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| Water Inputs and Outputs | |
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| The Aral Sea | |
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| The Caspian Sea | |
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| Origin and Age of Lakes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Glacial Lakes | |
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| Tectonic Lakes | |
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| Coastal Lakes | |
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| Riverine Lakes | |
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| Volcanic Lakes | |
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| Solution or Karst Lakes | |
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| Manmade Lakes or Reservoirs | |
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| Lake and Catchment Morphometry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Bathymetric Map | |
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| Lake Surface Area | |
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| Lake Depth | |
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| Lake Shape | |
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| Underwater and Catchment Slopes | |
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| Rivers and the Export of Materials from Drainage Basins and the Atmosphere | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Flowing Water Systems | |
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| Rivers and Their Ecotones | |
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| Rivers, Their Banks, and Human Activity | |
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| Drainage-Basin Export of Nitrogen and Phosphorus | |
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| Atmospheric Deposition of Nutrients | |
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| Nutrient Export, Catchment Size, Lake Morphometry, and the Biota: A Conceptualization | |
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| Organic Carbon Export from Drainage Basins | |
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| Aquatic Systems and their Catchments | |
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| Catchment Size | |
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| Catchment Form | |
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| Catchment Soils and Vegetation | |
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| Water Residence Time | |
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| Nutrient Concentrations, Trophic State, and WRT | |
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| Retention of Dissolved and Particulate Materials by Lakes and Reservoirs | |
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| Sediment Loading to Aquatic Systems | |
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| Light | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Detectors | |
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| Light Above and Below the Water Surface | |
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| Absorption, Transmission, and Scattering of Light in Water | |
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| Ultraviolet Radiation and Its Effects | |
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| Light Attenuation | |
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| Light Attenuation and Photosynthesis | |
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| Light Attenuation and Lake Stratification | |
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| The Secchi Disc and Its Utility | |
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| Limitations of the Secchi Disc | |
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| Light and Primary Production | |
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| Underwater Vision | |
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| Temperature Cycles, Lake Stratification, and Heat Budgets | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of Stratification and Mixing | |
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| Morphometry and Stratification | |
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| Seasonal Temperature Cycles and Stratification | |
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| Stability of Stratification | |
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| Stability of Temperate vs Tropical Lakes | |
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| Thermocline Depth | |
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| Thermocline Shape | |
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| Meromictic Lakes | |
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| Development of Meromixis | |
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| Heat Budgets | |
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| Climatic Change and Aquatic Systems | |
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| Water Movements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Laminar vs Turbulent Flow | |
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| Surface Gravity Waves | |
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| Turbulent Flow and Measures of Stability | |
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| Coefficient of Vertical Eddy | |
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| Coefficient of Horizontal Eddy Diffusion | |
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| Horizontal Currents | |
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| Long-term Surface Current Patterns | |
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| Langmuir Currents | |
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| Standing Surface Waves | |
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| Internal or Thermocline Seiches | |
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| Internal Seiches, Hypolimnetic Currents, and Sediment Resuspension | |
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| Turbulent Mixing and the Biota | |
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| Salinity and Major Ion Composition of Lakes and Rivers | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Salinity and Its Origins | |
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| Total Salinity and Its Determination | |
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| Major Ion Composition | |
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| Human Activity, Climate, and Ion Composition | |
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| Saline Lakes and Their Distribution | |
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| Ionic Composition of Inland Saline Lakes and Wetlands | |
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| The Salinity Spectrum and the Biota | |
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| Inorganic Carbon and pH | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Carbon Dioxide in Water | |
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| pH and Its Range in Aquatic Systems | |
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| Alkalinity of Inland Waters | |
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| pH, Extreme Environmental Conditions, and Species Richness | |
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| Carbonates: Precipitation and Solubilization | |
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| Dissolved Oxygen | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Solubility of Oxygen in Water | |
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| Sources and Sinks of Oxygen | |
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| Photosynthesis, Respiration, and DOC | |
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| Dissolved Oxygen Consumption and Lake Productivity | |
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| Oxygen Depletion in Ice-covered Waters | |
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| Dissolved Oxygen and the Biota | |
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| Oxidation-Reduction Potential | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Redox Reactions and Nutrient Cycling | |
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| Phosphorus Concentrations and Cycling | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Classical Model of Phosphorus Cycling | |
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| The Modern Model and Aerobic Phosphorus Release | |
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| The Mass-Balance Equation and Phosphorus Cycling | |
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| Sediment Phosphorus Release and Phytoplankton Production | |
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| Phosphorus Control, Internal Loading, and Lake Management | |
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| The Empirical Modeling of Phosphorus | |
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| The Dynamic Modeling of Phosphorus | |
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| Nitrogen Cycling | |
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| Introduction: The Atmosphere, the Land, and the Water | |
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| Nitrogen Transformation Processes | |
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| Nitrification | |
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| Denitrification | |
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| Nitrogen Fixation: Rates and Process | |
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| Nitrogen Fixation Rates: Plankton vs Littoral Zone | |
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| Forms and Quantities of Nitrogen in Inland Waters | |
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| Iron, Manganese, and Sulfur | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Iron Cycling | |
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| Iron and Sulfur | |
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| Iron and Organic Matter | |
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| The Manganese Cycle | |
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| Iron, Manganese, and Trace Metals | |
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| Particle Sedimentation and Sediments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Origin and Distribution of Sediments | |
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| Sedimentation and Sediment Traps | |
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| Sinking Velocities and Sedimentation Rates | |
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| The Sediment Record | |
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| Dating Sediments | |
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| Profundal Sediment Characteristics | |
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| The Phytoplankton | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Species Composition and Phylogenetic Generalities | |
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| Phytoplankton Size and Activity: Small Cells vs Large Cells | |
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| Seasonal Biomass Cycles: A Conceptual Model | |
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| The Composition of Phytoplankton Cells | |
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| Algal Sedimentation and Buoyancy Control | |
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| Parasitism and Disease | |
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| Photosynthesis, Light, and Temperature | |
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| Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Growth | |
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| Primary Production in Nature | |
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| Production: Biomass (P:B) Ratios and Specific Growth Rates in Nature | |
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| Limiting Nutrients and Eutrophication | |
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| Nitrogen vs Phosphorus | |
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| Empirical Nutrient-Phytoplankton Relationships | |
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| The Maximum Phytoplankton Biomass | |
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| The Bacteria | |
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| Introduction | |
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| From Past to Present | |
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| Bacterial Size, Form, and Metabolism | |
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| Abundance, Biomass, and Distribution | |
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| Heterotrophic Bacterial Abundance and Environmental Factors | |
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| Resource Limitation vs Grazing Control of Bacterial Abundance | |
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| Heterotrophic Bacteria: Production, Losses, and System Contribution | |
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| Viruses | |
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| The Microbial Food Web | |
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| Photosynthetic Bacteria | |
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| Heterotrophic Sediment Bacteria | |
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| Zooplankton | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Zooplankton Sampling | |
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| Protozoa, Rotifers, and Crustaceans | |
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| Species Richness and Its Prediction | |
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| Seasonal Cycles | |
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| Long-term Variation in Zooplankton Abundance | |
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| Top-down Control of Zooplankton | |
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| Biomanipulation and Lake Management | |
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| Chaoborus: The Phantom Midge | |
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| Zooplankton Feeding | |
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| Nutrient Cycling and Zooplankton | |
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| Resource Availability and Zooplankton Biomass | |
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| Zooplankton Production | |
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| Diel Migration and Cyclomorphosis | |
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| Benthic Plants | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Wetlands and Their Utilization | |
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| Macrophyte Distribution and Species Richness | |
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| Macrophyte Biomass and Its Determinants | |
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| Submerged Macrophyte Distribution: Light and Lake Morphometry | |
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| Submerged Macrophyte Distributions and Plant Nutrients | |
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| Submerged Macrophyte Distribution and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC): A Physiological Exploration | |
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| Plant Size, Community Structure, and Function | |
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| Attached Algae | |
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| Eutrophication and Benthic Plants | |
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| Lake Management and Macrophytes | |
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| Zoobenthos | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Taxonomic Distribution, Species Richness, and Abundance | |
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| Life-History Aspects | |
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| Lake Morphometry, Substrate Characteristics, and the Zoobenthos | |
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| Resource and Predation Control | |
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| The Zebra Mussel: A Keystone Species | |
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| The Zoobenthos and Energy Flow in Lakes | |
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| Fish and Water Birds | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fish Species and Species Richness | |
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| Life-History Attributes and Population Dynamics of Age-0 Fish | |
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| Fish Growth: Determinants and Measurement | |
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| Fisheries and Fisheries Management | |
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| The Biology of a Temperate Zone Fish and a Tropical Fish: Perch and Tilapia | |
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| Predicting Fish Biomass, Production, and Yield | |
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| Aquaculture and Water Quality | |
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| Water Birds | |
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| Acidification of Waterways | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sources and Distributions | |
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| Acid-Sensitive Waters | |
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| Characteristics of Acid-Sensitive Waters and Catchments | |
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| Catchments and Lake Acidification: Wet and Dry Deposition | |
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| Neutralization and Buffering Processes in Catchments | |
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| Buffering Capacity of Lakes, Rivers, and Wetlands | |
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| Aluminum and Other Toxic Metals | |
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| Effects of Acidification on the Aquatic Biota | |
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| Modeling the Acidification Process | |
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| Lake Management: Recovering from Acidification | |
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| The Future | |
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| Contaminants | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Toxic Substances | |
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| Sources of Contaminants | |
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| The Fate of Contaminants | |
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| The Sediment Record | |
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| Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Contaminants and Their Distribution in Nature | |
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| Toxicity and Its Prediction | |
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| Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification | |
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| Mercury and the Mercury Cycle | |
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| Toxic Chemicals, Environmental Health, and Lake Management | |
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| Reservoirs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Natural Lakes and Reservoirs | |
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| The River-Lake-Reservoir Continuum | |
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| Water Residence Time and Plankton Growth Rates | |
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| Reservoir Zonation: A Conceptual View | |
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| Drawdowns | |
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| Reservoir Aging and the Trophic Upsurge | |
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| Large Reservoirs and Their Impacts | |
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| International Organization for Standardization of Country Codes | |
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| Conversion Factors for Selected Elements and Reported Species | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |