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| Acknowledgments | |
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| About This Book | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Integrating Switching and Routing | |
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| Advantages of BGP/MPLS VPNs | |
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| Privacy and Security | |
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| Customer Independence | |
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| Scalability and Stability | |
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| Management | |
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| Who should Read This Book | |
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| Label Switching Alternatives | |
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| Overlay Models | |
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| Classical IP over ATM | |
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| Scalability | |
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| Integration Models | |
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| IP Switching | |
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| Data-Driven IP Switching | |
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| Topology-Driven IP Switching | |
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| Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) | |
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| MPLS Architecture and Operation | |
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| Simplicity of Operation--Labels | |
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| Decoupling Control and Forwarding | |
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| Forwarding Equivalency Classes (FECs) and Label Imposition | |
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| Advantages of MPLS over Legacy Network Layer Forwarding | |
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| MPLS Architecture Examples | |
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| MPLS Data Structures | |
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| Penultimate Hop Popping | |
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| Label Encapsulation | |
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| The Label Stack (Generic Label Encapsulation/Shim Header) | |
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| Encoding the Label Stack | |
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| Label-Switched Paths (LSPs) | |
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| Tunnels and Hierarchy | |
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| Determining the Network Layer Protocol | |
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| Processing the TTL Field | |
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| IP-Dependent Rules | |
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| Translating between Different Encapsulations | |
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| Case 1 (Figure 3-12) | |
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| Case 2 (Figure 3-13) | |
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| Case 3 (Figure 3-14) | |
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| Fragmentation and Path MTU Discovery | |
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| Transporting Labeled Packets over PPP | |
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| Transporting Labeled Packets over LAN Media | |
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| Alternative Label Encapsulation Techniques | |
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| Overlay vs. Label-Encoded | |
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| Encapsulating Top Labels with ATM | |
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| Using the VPI/VCI Field on Different Connection Types | |
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| Direct Connection | |
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| Connection via a VP Tunnel | |
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| Connection via SVC | |
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| Label Binding Procedures with ATM-LSRs | |
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| Encapsulation | |
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| VC-Merge | |
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| Manipulating the TTL Field | |
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| Labels and Label Distribution Methods | |
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| LDP--The Label Distribution Protocol | |
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| LDP Operation | |
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| LDP Protocol Structure | |
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| Label Distribution--Downstream vs. Downstream-on-Demand | |
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| Ordered vs. Independent LSP Control | |
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| Loop Detection | |
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| LDP Extended Discovery | |
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| Label Distribution Protocols for TE | |
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| Why Use MPLS TE? | |
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| Distributing Labels with RSVP | |
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| Introduction to RSVP | |
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| Augmenting RSVP with MPLS Features (MPLS-RSVP) | |
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| Summary of RSVP Attributes | |
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| Extensions to LDP (CR-LDP) | |
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| Introduction to Virtual Private Networks | |
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| It's All about Connectivity | |
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| A Taxonomy of VPNs | |
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| Hub-and-Spoke vs. Fully-Meshed | |
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| IPSec | |
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| Other VPN Technologies | |
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| MPLS VPN | |
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| Feature Matrix | |
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| Overlay Model--Layer 2 VPNs | |
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| The Peer Model--Layer 3 VPNs | |
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| Components of MPLS VPNs | |
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| Introduction to the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP-4) | |
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| Why Use Multiprotocol BGP-4 for MPLS VPNs? | |
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| Details of MPLS VPNs | |
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| Definition of BGP/MPLS VPNs | |
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| Terminology | |
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| Route Distribution | |
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| RDs and the VPN-IPv4 Address Family | |
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| Route Targets (RTs) | |
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| Route Distribution among PE Routers | |
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| Route Exchange between PE and CE Routers | |
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| Topologies | |
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| VPN Sites with Optimal Inter-VPN Routing | |
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| VPN Sites with Hub-and-Spoke Routing | |
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| Internet Routing | |
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| Internet Access at Customer Site | |
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| Internet Access handled by Service Provider | |
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| Network Address Translation (NAT) | |
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| Scalability | |
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| Route Reflectors (RRs) | |
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| Adding New Sites to a VPN | |
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| BGP Update Filtering | |
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| Outbound Route Filters (ORFs) | |
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| Carrier's Carrier (CsC) | |
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| MPLS VPN Applications | |
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| Enterprise VPN Services | |
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| ADSL VPNs | |
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| DSL Technology Overview | |
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| Connection Paradigm | |
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| ADSL IP VPNs | |
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| Routing | |
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| Cable Access VPNs | |
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| Cable Technology Overview | |
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| Connection Paradigm | |
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| Cable IP VPNs | |
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| Mobile Wireless VPNs | |
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| GPRS Technology Overview | |
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| Dial Access IP VPNs | |
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| LDP Protocol Structure--Examples | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Notes | |
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| Index | |