Jim Cummins has a wealth of experience in second language learning and literacy development research and is Professor at University of Toronto, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Canada.Nancy H. Hornberger is Professor of Education and Director of Educational Linguistics at the Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Hornberger's areas of specialization include language planning and policy; bilingualism, bilingual education and biliteracy; and the ethnography of communication.