Elements of Control Systems

Name: Elements of Control Systems
Price: 47.19 USD
Availability: InStock
ISBN: 9780130119896

ISBN-10: 013011989X

ISBN-13: 9780130119896

Edition: 2002

Authors: Sudhir K. Gupta

List price: $123.40

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Description:

For courses in Automatic Control, Controls Technology and First Courses in Controls. This sound introduction to control systems technology provides students with a simple approach to the subject that keeps mathematical treatment to a minimum. Addressing fundamental and practical issues relating to control system operation, the material is reinforced through a large number of solved examples using MATLAB. The various types of automatic controllers including On/Off, PID, digital PID and fuzzy controllers and their implementation using op-op-amps and microcontrollers are discussed in detail.

Book details

List price: $123.40
Copyright year: 2002
Publisher: Prentice Hall PTR
Publication date: 3/20/2001
Binding: Hardcover
Pages: 573
Size: 7.50" wide x 9.25" long x 1.50" tall
Weight: 2.332
Language: English



Preface



Basic Concepts


Introduction


Control Terminology


Functioning of a Control System


Examples of Closed-Loop Control Systems


Problems



Block Diagrams


Introduction


Definition of a Block Diagram


Summing Point


Takeoff Point


Block Diagram Representation of an Equation


Block Diagram Representation of Control Systems


Transfer Functions


General Transfer Function


Transfer Function of a Closed-Loop System


Comparison of Positive-Feedback and Negative-Feedback Systems


Unity Feedback Systems


Conversion to a Unity Feedback System


Block Diagram Simplification


Op-Amp Simulation of a Block Diagram


Summing Point


Summing Point with Adjustable SP Input


Gain Block


Constant-Gain (Noninverting) Block


Constant-Gain (Inverting) Block


Takeoff Point


Summing Point with Multiple Inputs


Problems



Laplace Transforms


Introduction


Transformations


Laplace Transform Integral


Transform Notation


Rules of Transformation


Forward Transformation Procedure


Inverse Transformation Procedure


Partial-Fraction Expansion


Distinct Roots


Repeated Roots


Applications of Laplace Transforms: Differential Equations


Problems



Mathematical Modeling


Introduction


Mathematical Model


Nonlinear Behavior


Transfer Functions


Electrical Networks


Resistor


Capacitor


Inductor


Series RC Circuit


Series RL Circuit


Series RLC Circuit


Mechanical Systems


Mass


Spring


Damper


Spring Mass Damper System


Analogy Between Physical Systems


Fluid Systems


Single-Tank Fluid-Level System


Two-Tank Fluid-Level System


Thermal Systems


Heating Systems


Problems



Transient Response


Introduction


Time Response


Input Functions


Step Function


Pulse Function


Impulse Function


Delayed Impulse Function


Ramp Function


Sinusoidal Function


Types of Transient Responses


Overdamped Response


Critically Damped Response


Underdamped Response


Constant Oscillations


Increasing Oscillations


Exponential Rise


Transient Response Through Laplace Transformation


Impulse Function Response


Characteristic Equation


Poles and Zeros of the Transfer Function


s-Plane and Pole-Zero Map


Pole Location and Transient Response


Problems



Frequency Response


Introduction


Methods Used for Frequency Response Representation


Frequency Response Determination


Problems



Common Transfer Functions


Introduction


Common Blocks (Transfer Functions)


Constant Block


Time Response of a Constant TF


Frequency Response of a Constant Block


Integral Block


Time Response of an Integral Block


Frequency Response of an Integral Block


Derivative Block


Time Response of a Derivative Block


Frequency Response of a Derivative Block


The Relationship Between Integral and Derivative Blocks


First-Order Lag Block


Time Response to a Unit Step Input


Frequency Response of a First-Order Lag Block


First-Order Lead Block


Time Response to a Unit Step Input


Frequency Response of a First-Order Lead Block


Second-Order Lag Block


Time Response to a Unit Step Input


Characteristics of Underdamped Response


Frequency Response of a Second-Order Lag Block


Second-Order Lead Block


Time Response to a Unit Step Input


Frequency Response of a Second-Order Lead Block


Dead Time: Transportation Lag Block


Time Response to a Unit Step Input


Frequency Response of a Dead-Time Block


Problems



Stability


Introduction


Concept of Stability


Stability and the Open-Loop Transfer Function


Open-Loop Gain and Operating Frequency


Stability from a Bode Plot


Gain and Phase Margins


Gain and Phase Crossover Frequencies


Gain Margin (GM)


Phase Margin (PM)


Desired Gain and Phase Margins


Stability from the Characteristic Equation


Routh Criterion for Stability


Root Locus Analysis


Root Locus Through Matlab


Problems



Controllers: The On-Off Controller


Introduction


Role of a Controller


Types of Controllers


Use of a Percent as Input and Output


Measured Value as a Percentage Value


Set Point as a Percentage Value


Error as a Percentage Value


On-Off Control


Types of On-Off Control


Electronic Implementation (Analog)


Two-Position Control


Neutral Zone


Controller Action


Applications


Electronic Implementation


Multiposition (Floating) Control


Problems



Analog Controller I


Introduction


Proportional Controller (P)


Transfer Characteristic


Proportional Band


Relationship Between Percent Output and Physical Controller Output


Electronic Implementation


Frequency Response of a Proportional Controller


Proportional Control of a Closed Loop


Steady-State Operation with Zero Error


Proportional Controller with Offset


Offset Voltage Adjustment


Integral Controller (I)


Electronic Implementation


Limiting DC Gain


Frequency Response of an Ideal Integral Controller


Frequency Response of a DC Gain-Limited Integral Controller


Derivative Controller (D)


Electronic Implementation


Frequency Response of a Derivative Controller


Limiting High-Frequency Gain


Problems



Analog Controller II


Introduction


Composite Controller Modes


Serial Implementation


Parallel Implementation


PI Controller


Electronic Implementation of a PI Controller


Frequency Response of a PI Controller


PD Controller


Electronic Implementation of a PD Controller


Frequency Response of a PD Controller


PID Controller


Electronic Implementation


Changing the Operating Mode


Frequency Response of a PID Controller


Problems



Digital Controller


Introduction


Digital Controller


Controller Sequence of Operation


Considerations for Digital Control


Digital Two-Position Control


Sequence of Operation


Microcontroller Implementation of a Two-Position Controller


Digital PID Controller


Analog PID Algorithm


Digital PID Algorithm


Zero-Order Hold (ZOH)


Ideal Digital PID Algorithm


Discrete PID Algorithm--BASIC Language


Manual Control Mode


Velocity Algorithm


Improved Derivative Term


Microcontroller Implementation of a PID Controller


DC Motor Control


Control Software Description


Problems



Fuzzy Controller


Introduction


Continuum World


Conventional Logic


Fuzzy Logic and Fuzzy Logic Terminology


Fuzzy Control System


Problem Identification


Conceptual Design


Problems



Controller Tuning and System Design


Introduction


Performance Criteria


Controller Tuning


Controller Tuning: Known Plant Model


Plant Model from Experimental Response Testing


Step Response Test


Graphical Analysis


Computational Method


Frequency Response Test


Experimental Determination of Controller Setting


Continuous Cycling Method


Reaction Curve Method


Case Study: Machine Positional Control System


Drive Mechanism


Position Transducer


Problems



Additional Control Techniques


Introduction


Feedforward Control


Disturbance Signal


Ratio Control


Cascade Control


Autotuning Controller


State-Space Techniques


State Variables


State Equations


Transfer Function to State-Space Representation


Problems


Bibliography



A Matlab


Glossary


Index