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Introduction | |
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What Is the Information in the Information Revolution? | |
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Introduction | |
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Information, Messages, and Signals | |
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Examples of Information Systems | |
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The Phonograph | |
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The Telephone | |
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The Camera and Other Image Recording Devices | |
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Representing and Quantifying Information | |
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Analog and Digital Information | |
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The Move Toward Digital Information Technology | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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The World Wide Web: A Unique Product of the Information Age | |
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Introduction | |
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Why Introduce the Web This Early in the Book? | |
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What Is the Web, and Why Was It Created? | |
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The Origin of the Web | |
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How the Web Solves Our Document Distribution Problem | |
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How the Web Was Won | |
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The Universal Resource Locator (URL) | |
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Virtual Path Addressing | |
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The Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) | |
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Viewer Extensions | |
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A Network of Distributed Servers | |
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The Success of the World Wide Web | |
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The Structure of the Web | |
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Technologies That Enhance the Power of the Web | |
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Dynamic, Active, and Interactive Web Pages | |
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Java and the Web | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Fundamentals of Binary Representation | |
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Representing Information in Bits | |
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Introduction | |
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Information and Its Representation | |
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The Search for an Appropriate Code | |
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A Look at Written Alphabets | |
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The Need for a Robust Scheme | |
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Bits as Building Blocks of Information | |
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The Representational Power of Bits | |
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Bits in the Physical World | |
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From Numbers to Bits | |
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Representing Text with Bits | |
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Binary Representation of More Complex Information | |
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Convenient Forms for Binary Codes | |
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Bits, Bytes, and Beyond | |
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Octal and Hexadecimal Representation | |
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Introduction to Error Detection and Correction | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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The Need and Basis for Data Protocols | |
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Introduction | |
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Using Protocols to Organize Information | |
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How Numbers Can Be Packaged | |
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Saving Information: Tapes, Disks, and CDs | |
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Magnetic Tape | |
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Rotating Memory Devices | |
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Protocols for Sending Data | |
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Word Processor and Web Protocols | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Graphics and Visual Information | |
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From the Real World to Images and Video | |
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Introduction | |
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Images: Information Without Words or Numbers | |
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Cameras and Image Formation | |
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Human Visual Discrimination and Acuity | |
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Other Types of Image Formation | |
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Converting Images to Bits | |
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From Continuous Information to a Discrete Representation | |
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Pixels: A Matter of Spatial Resolution | |
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Shades of Gray | |
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Color Representation | |
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Color Discrimination | |
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Binocular Vision and 3D displays | |
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From Images to Video | |
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Human Visual Persistence | |
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Adding Up the Bits | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Computer Graphics and Virtual Reality | |
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Synthesizing Images | |
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Two Ways to Store Images | |
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Displaying the Bit-Mapped Image | |
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Display Device Formats | |
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Visual Display Devices | |
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Printers and Similar Output Devices | |
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From Numbers to Images | |
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Virtual Reality Modeling Language | |
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A Comparison of VRML and HTML | |
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The Organization of a VRML Scene | |
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In VRML Everything Is a Node | |
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The VRML Scene Graph | |
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Placing a Surface on a Virtual Object | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Data Compression | |
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Compressing Information | |
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Introduction | |
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Why Can Information Be Compressed? | |
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Messages, Data, and Information | |
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Information Theory | |
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A Little Probability | |
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Probability-Based Coding | |
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Variable Length Coding | |
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Universal Coding | |
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An Example of Universal Coding | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Image Compression | |
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Introduction | |
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Image-Specific Compression Methods | |
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Lossless Image Compression | |
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Run Length Encoding | |
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The JPEG Standard for Lossless Compression | |
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GIF: Another Lossless Image Compression System | |
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Virtual Lab Demonstrations of Lossless Compression | |
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Run Length Encoding Java Applet | |
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Predictive Filter Preprocessing Java Applet | |
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Lossy Compression | |
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Simple Lossy Compression Methods | |
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The JPEG Standard for Lossy Compression | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Digital Video | |
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Video Compression | |
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Image Difference Coding Virtual Lab | |
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MPEG Video Compression | |
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Some Examples of MPEG Encoded Video | |
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Digital Television | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Bandwidth and Information Theory | |
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Audio as Information | |
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Introduction | |
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The Physical Phenomena Underlying Sound | |
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From Sound to Signals | |
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Limitations on Human Hearing | |
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Sinusoidal Frequency Components | |
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The Frequency Content and Bandwidth of Audio Signals | |
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Frequency Content of Audio Signals | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Sampling of Audio Signals | |
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Introduction | |
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Sampling an Audio Signal | |
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Sampling Intervals and Sampling Frequency | |
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The Minimum Sampling Frequency | |
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Reconstructing Audio from Samples | |
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Oversampling | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Digital Audio | |
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Introduction | |
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Digitization of Audio Samples | |
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The Process of Quantization | |
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Quantization Noise | |
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Adding Up the Bits: Home CD Players | |
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Reconstruction | |
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Other Applications, and a Few Tricks | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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The Telephone System: Wired and Wireless | |
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Introduction | |
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The Original (Analog) Telephone System | |
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The Digital Telephone System | |
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Cellular Telephone Systems | |
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The Cellular Telephone System: How It Works | |
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The Alphabet Soup of Competing Cellular Systems: AMPS, GSM, TDMA, CDMA, and PCS | |
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The Three Generations of Cellular Systems | |
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Cellular System FAQs | |
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Satellite Telephones | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Transmission and Storage Technology | |
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What Is Bandwidth and How Is It Used? | |
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Introduction | |
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Real-Time Data Transmission | |
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Delay Time and the Speed of Light | |
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Geosynchronous Satellites | |
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Interplanetary Communications | |
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Internet Distributed Computing | |
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Personal Computers | |
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Finite Data Rate and Real-Time Transmission | |
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Physical Origin of Bandwidth Limitations | |
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Fiber-Optic Transmission | |
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Talking Through Your Pipe | |
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Human Laws Set Limits Too! | |
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Pulse Transmission Limits and Bandlimits | |
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Information Rates above the Pulse Rate | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Wire and Fiber Transmission Systems | |
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Introduction | |
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Wire as a Transmission Medium | |
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Cable Characteristics | |
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Why Some Cables Are Better than Others | |
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Common Uses of the Various Cable Types | |
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Fiber-Optic Cable | |
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Fiber Attenuation Characteristics | |
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Fiber Integral Optical Amplifiers | |
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Solitons | |
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How Fast Can Data Be Delivered to the Home? | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Radio-Frequency and Satellite Systems | |
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Introduction | |
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Overview of Radio Communications System Design | |
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Antenna Improvements | |
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Satellite and Other Long-Distance Communications Systems | |
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The Global Positioning System | |
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How Does GPS Work? | |
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Components of the GPS System | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Large-Capacity Storage | |
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Introduction | |
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Magnetic Disks and Tapes | |
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The Compact Disc | |
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Digital Versatile Disk | |
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Future Digital Data Storage Media | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Networks and the Internet | |
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Telephone and Data Communications Networks | |
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Introduction | |
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Circuit and Packet-Based Networks | |
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Circuit-Based Networks | |
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Telephone Circuits Are More than Just Wire | |
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Public Switched Telephone Network Digital Services | |
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An Example of a Digital Transmission System: The T1 Carrier | |
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Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) | |
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The Packet-Switched Connection | |
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X.25 and the Virtual Circuit | |
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Wider Bandwidth Data Transmission: Frame Relay | |
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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The Local Area Network | |
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Introduction | |
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Datagram Packet Switching | |
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The Ethernet | |
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The Ethernet Datagram | |
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Datagram Transmission and Delivery | |
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Collision Detection Multiple Access | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Organization of the Internet | |
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Introduction | |
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How Would You Organize Universal Mail Delivery? | |
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The Internet: Three Addressing Schemes | |
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Tracing a Route | |
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What Makes up the Backbone of the Internet? | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Electronic Commerce and Information Security | |
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Introduction | |
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Threats to Information Security | |
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Security Services | |
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Data Security and Cryptosystems | |
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An Example of an Unconditionally Secure Code | |
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Computationally Secure Symmetric Key Cryptography | |
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Commonly Encountered Symmetric Codes | |
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Public Key Cryptography | |
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Public Key Standards | |
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Digital Signatures | |
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Digital Certificates | |
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Electronic Commerce | |
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Summary | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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Voice over IP and the Convergence | |
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Introduction | |
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Circuit-Switched Telephone Systems | |
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Sampling and Digitizing Telephone Voices | |
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Moving Digital Voice in a Circuit-Based Network | |
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The IP Packet Connection | |
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The Drive to IP Networks | |
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To IP or not to IP | |
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Conveying Packets | |
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Moving Voice with Packets | |
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How to and Why Move to VoIP? | |
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How Do You Make VoIP Work? | |
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How VoIP Is Already Being Applied | |
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The Driving Force behind VoIP | |
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Try These Exercises | |
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ASCII Character Codes | |
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Related Organizations | |
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Example Projects | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |