| |
| |
| List of contributors | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgements | |
| |
| |
| Abbreviations | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Background | |
| |
| |
| |
| Historical Background | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Transfusion Medicine | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Regulatory Perspectives on Clinical Trials for Oxygen Therapeutics in Trauma and Transfusion Practice | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Physiological Basis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical Physiology: Oxygen Transport and the Transfusion Trigger | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The Role of Oxygen and Hemoglobin Diffusion in Oxygen Transport by Cell-Free Hemoglobins | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Oxygen Transport Properties of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers: Studies Using Artificial Capillaries and Mathematical Simulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanisms of Oxygen Transport in the Microcirculation: Effects of Cell-Free Oxygen Carriers | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Shear Stress, Mechanotransduction and the Flow Properties of Blood | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Local Regulation of Blood Flow | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical Indications for Blood Substitutes and Optimal Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Crystalloid Solutions | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers as Resuscitative Solutions for Trauma and Combat Casualty Care | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Surgical Hemorrhage | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical Trials in Cardiac Surgery | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Hemodilution | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical Hemodilution | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Potential for Blood Substitutes in Tissue Ischemia | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Toxicity and Side Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Redox and Radical Reactions of Hemoglobin Solutions: Toxicities and Protective Strategies | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Pro-Oxidant Activity of Hemoglobin and Endothelial Cytotoxicity | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Renal Toxicity | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Hemoglobin and Neurotoxicity | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The Role of Inflammation in the Toxicity of Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Hemoglobin-Induced Myocardial Lesions | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Perfluorocarbon-Based Oxygen Carriers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fluorocarbon Emulsions as in vivo Oxygen Delivery Systems: Background and Chemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Fluosol: The First Commercial Injectable Perfluorocarbon Oxygen Carrier | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Perftoran | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Rational Development of Oxyfluor | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Oxygent, A Perfluorochemical-Based Oxygen Therapeutic for Surgical Patients | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Structural and Functional Properties of Hemoglobin and their Relevance for a Hemoglobin-Based Blood Substitute | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Hemoglobin Modification | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Designing Recombinant Hemoglobin for Use as a Blood Substitute | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Design, Conformational, Functional and Physiological Characterization of Recombinant Polymeric Heme-Proteins | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| [alpha alpha]-Crosslinked Hemoglobin | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| DCLHb and rHb1.1 | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Clinical Studies with DCLHb | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Hemopure (HBOC-201, Hemoglobin Glutamer-250 (Bovine)): Preclinical Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| HBOC-201 (Hemoglobin Glutamer-250 (Bovine), Hemopure): Clinical Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Polyhemoglobin-Enzymes as New-Generation Blood Substitutes and Oxygen Therapeutics | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Surface Decoration of Hemoglobin with Polyethylene Glycol | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Hemospan (MP4), A Human Hemoglobin Modified with Maleimide-Polyethylene Glycol | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Dextran-Hemoglobin | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Development of Non-Extravasating Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Liposomes and Related Products | |
| |
| |
| |
| Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin: History, Preparation and Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Hemoglobin Vesicles as a Molecular Assembly: Characteristics of Preparation Process and Performances as Artificial Oxygen Carriers | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Nanodimension Biodegradable Polymeric Membrane Artificial Red Blood Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Albumin-Heme: A Synthetic Heme-Based Oxygen Carrier | |
| |
| |
| |
| Index | |