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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Underground Space and Its Requirement | |
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| History of Underground Space Use | |
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| Underground Space for Sustainable Development | |
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| What Should Be Done? | |
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| Future of Underground Space Facilities | |
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| Scope of the Book | |
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| References | |
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| Classification of Underground Space | |
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| General | |
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| Major Classification Grouping | |
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| Function | |
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| Geometry | |
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| Origin | |
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| Site Features | |
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| Project Features | |
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| Benefits and Drawbacks of Underground Facilities | |
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| References | |
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| Important Considerations | |
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| Geological Considerations | |
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| Engineering Considerations | |
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| Psychological and Physiological Considerations | |
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| Image of the Underground | |
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| Actual Experiences in Underground Buildings | |
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| Actual Experience in Windowless and Other Analogous Environments | |
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| Potential Psychological Problems Associated with Underground Space | |
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| Mitigating Factors | |
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| Choosing to Go Underground-General Advantages | |
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| Potential Physical Benefits | |
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| Protection | |
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| Security | |
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| Aesthetics | |
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| Environmental Advantages | |
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| Materials | |
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| Initial Cost/Land Cost Savings | |
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| Construction Savings | |
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| Sale of Excavated Material or Minerals | |
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| Savings in Specialized Design Features | |
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| Operating Cost/Maintenance | |
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| Energy Use | |
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| Land Use Efficiency | |
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| Disaster Readiness/National Security | |
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| Drawbacks of Underground Space Use | |
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| Physical | |
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| Climate Isolation | |
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| Communication | |
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| Human Occupancy | |
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| Safety Considerations | |
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| Fire Explosion | |
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| Oxygen Shortage/Poisoning | |
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| Flood | |
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| Electric Power Failure | |
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| Ventilation | |
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| Legal and Administrative Considerations | |
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| Limits of Surface Property Ownership | |
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| Ownership and the Right to Develop Subsurface Space | |
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| Application of Surface Land Use Regulations | |
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| Environmental Controls | |
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| Restrictions due to Surface and Subsurface Structures | |
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| Economic Considerations | |
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| References | |
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| Underground Space Planning | |
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| Forms of Underground Space Available and Uses | |
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| Level-Wise Planning of Underground Space Use | |
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| Future Forms of Underground Space Use | |
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| Technology for Underground Development | |
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| Conceptual Designs | |
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| Cost Considerations | |
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| Planning of Underground Space | |
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| References | |
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| Underground Storage of Food Items | |
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| General | |
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| Section 1 | |
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| Problems Associated with Underground Food Storage | |
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| Site Selection | |
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| Construction and Design | |
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| Depth | |
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| Unit Size | |
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| Lining | |
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| Loading and Unloading Equipment | |
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| Equipment to Equilibrate Grain Temperature during Loading and Unloading | |
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| Considerations while Loading the Storage | |
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| Considerations prior to Unloading of Underground Storage | |
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| Underground Storage Bins in Argentina | |
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| Potato Storage | |
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| Section 2 | |
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| Refrigerated Rock Stores | |
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| Design of Underground Cold Storage | |
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| Shape and Size | |
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| Thermal Properties | |
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| Cost Comparison | |
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| Case Histories | |
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| Warehouse Caverns in Singapore | |
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| Cold Storage Plant in Bergen, Norway | |
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| References | |
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| Underground Storage of Water | |
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| General | |
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| Water Storage by Recharge Methods | |
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| Controlling Factors | |
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| Recharge Methods | |
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| Underground Rock Cavern Tank Storage | |
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| Function and Location of Water Tanks | |
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| Comparison between Aboveground and Underground Water Tanks | |
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| Planning and Design | |
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| Cost for Underground Cavern Storage | |
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| Construction and Maintenance Experience | |
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| Case Histories | |
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| The Kvernberget Rock Cavern Tank | |
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| The Steinan Rock Cavern Tank, Norway | |
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| The Groheia Rock Cavern Tank in Kristiansand, Norway | |
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| References | |
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| Underground Parking | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of Parking Facilities | |
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| Various Modern Mechanical Underground Parking Options | |
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| Trevipark System | |
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| Douskos Car Parks-Mechanical Underground Parking Station Systems | |
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| Evaluation Criteria of a Site for Underground Parking | |
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| Design of Underground Parking Facilities | |
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| Parking Guidance System | |
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| Parking Lot Security | |
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| Ventilation in Underground Car Parks | |
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| Economics of Underground Parking Facilities | |
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| Case Histories | |
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| Sydney Opera House Underground Car Park | |
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| Munich Automated Underground Parking System, Germany | |
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| References | |
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| Underground Metro and Road Tunnels | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Findings of International Tunnelling Association | |
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| Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) | |
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| Tunnel Boring Machines for Hard Rocks | |
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| Shielded Tunnel Boring Machines | |
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| Precast Lining | |
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| Building Condition Survey and Vibration Limit | |
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| Impact on Structures | |
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| Subsidence | |
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| Half-Tunnels for Roads | |
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| Road Tunnels | |
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| General | |
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| Traffic Safety | |
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| Construction Details | |
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| Precautions to Protect Road Tunnels from Deterioration | |
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| Cost of Construction | |
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| Subsea Tunnels | |
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| General | |
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| Maintenance | |
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| Case Histories | |
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| Gotthard Base Tunnel (GBT) | |
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| L�tschberg Base Tunnel (LBT) | |
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| References | |
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| Underground Storage of Crude Oil, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, and Natural Gas | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Investigations and Design | |
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| Underground Storage Technology | |
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| Underground Unlined Storage | |
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| Underground Lined Storage | |
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| Storage of Natural Gas | |
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| Tunnel-Shaped Storage Facility | |
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| Disadvantages | |
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| Separation Distance between Caverns | |
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| Multitank Storage (Polytank) Concept | |
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| Construction Principles | |
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| Rock Mechanics of Polytank Storage | |
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| Field of Applications | |
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| Advantages | |
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| General Advantages and Disadvantages of Underground Storages | |
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| Advantages | |
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| Disadvantages | |
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| Inground Tanks | |
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| Advantages | |
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| Disadvantages | |
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| Cost Aspects | |
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| Effect of Earthquake | |
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| Carbon Dioxide Sequestration | |
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| References | |
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| Civic Facilities Underground | |
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| General | |
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| Sewage and Waste Water Treatment Plant | |
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| Case Example of Cost Comparison | |
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| Sports Center | |
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| Underground Ice Rink | |
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| Swimming Center | |
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| Underground Pedestrian Path | |
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| Operation of the System | |
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| Shopping Mall | |
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| Underground Recreational Facilities | |
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| References | |
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| Underground Structures for Hydroelectric Projects | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Recent Developments in Planning of Hydroelectric Projects | |
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| Types of Underground Structures | |
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| Principles of Planning | |
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| Fundamental Requirements | |
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| Planning a Cavern | |
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| Design of a Cavern | |
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| Space and Geometries | |
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| Geotechniques | |
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| Orientation | |
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| Excavation Sequence and Techniques | |
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| In Situ Stresses | |
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| Earthquake Forces | |
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| Supports | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages | |
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| Case Histories | |
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| Churchill Falls Hydroelectric Project | |
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| Chhibro Underground Powerhouse | |
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| Tala Hydroelectric Project, Bhutan | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Underground Shelters for Wartime | |
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| General | |
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| State-of-the-Art Defense Shelters | |
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| Shelter Options | |
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| Design of Shelters | |
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| Basement Shelters | |
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| Expedient Shelter Designs | |
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| Case Histories | |
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| Civil Defense Shelter in Singapore | |
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| Beijing's Underground City | |
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| References | |
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| Underground Storage of Ammunitions and Explosives | |
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| General | |
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| Explosion Effects in Underground Ammunition Storage Sites | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Underground Storage | |
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| Storage Limitations | |
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| Ammunition Containing Flammable Liquids or Gels | |
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| Ammunition Containing Toxic Agents | |
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| Suspect Ammunition and Explosives | |
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| Ammunition Containing Pyrotechnics | |
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| Ammunition Containing Depleted Uranium | |
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| Design Requirements of Underground Ammunition Storage Facility | |
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| Safety Requirements | |
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| Military Requirements | |
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| Financial Aspects | |
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| Humidity Control and Ventilation | |
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| Electric Installations and Equipment | |
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| Lightning Protection | |
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| Transport and Handling Equipment | |
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| Fire-Fighting Equipment | |
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| Facility Layout | |
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| Design Guidelines | |
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| Underground Chambers | |
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| Exits | |
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| Branch Passageways | |
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| Blast Closures | |
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| Expansion Chambers | |
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| Constrictions | |
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| Debris Traps within Underground Facility | |
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| Blast Traps | |
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| Portal Barricade | |
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| Interior Wall Roughness | |
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| Depth of Cover above Storage Chambers | |
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| Chamber Separation Requirement | |
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| Sympathetic Detonation by Rock Spall | |
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| Case History | |
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| Underground Ammunition Storage Facility, Singapore | |
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| References | |
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| Underground Nuclear Waste Repositories | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of Radioactive Nuclear Waste | |
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| Underground Research Laboratory | |
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| Stripa Underground Research Facility | |
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| Concept of Barriers | |
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| Design Aspects of Underground Repository | |
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| Vertical Emplacement in a Pit | |
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| Alternative System Layout for Very Long Hole (VLH) | |
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| Instrumentation | |
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| Retrievability of Canister | |
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| Public Acceptance of Radioactive Waste Repository | |
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| References | |
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| Contractual Risk Sharing | |
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| The Risk | |
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| Management of Risk | |
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| Risk Management Tools-Fault Tree Analysis | |
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| Recommendations of International Tunnelling Association | |
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| Recommendations of International Standard Organisation | |
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| Role of Engineering Leaders | |
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| Construction Planning and Risk | |
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| Time and Cost Estimates | |
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| References | |
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| Annexure | |
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| Index | |