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| Preface | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Abbreviations and Acronyms | |
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| Environmental Assessment in Engineering and Planning | |
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| What Is Environmental Assessment? | |
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| Engineering and Planning Issues | |
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| Why Environmental Assessment Is Needed | |
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| Who Prepares Environmental Assessment and Planning Documents? | |
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| Integrating Art, Science, Strategy, and Management Issues | |
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| Discussion and Study Questions | |
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| Environmental Laws and Regulations | |
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| Rationale for Environmental Legislation and Regulations | |
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| Shortcomings of Environmental Legislation and Regulations | |
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| Legislative Data Systems | |
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| Overview of Federal Environmental Legislation | |
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| Trends in Environmental Legislation and Regulations | |
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| Discussion and Study Questions | |
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| National Environmental Policy Act | |
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| Elements of NEPA | |
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| Judicial Review | |
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| Effects of NEPA | |
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| Implementation of NEPA | |
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| Council on Environmental Quality | |
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| Executive Orders and Agency Response | |
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| State Environmental Policy Acts | |
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| NEPA and Agency Planning | |
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| Discussion and Study Questions | |
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| Environmental Documents and CEQ Regulations | |
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| Function and Purpose of the NEPA Assessment Process | |
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| NEPA Regulations | |
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| Environmental Documents | |
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| Application of Environmental Documentation Process | |
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| EIS Format and Content | |
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| Preparing and Processing the EA or EIS | |
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| Timing of Agency Action | |
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| Tiering | |
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| Mitigation | |
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| General Considerations in EIS Preparation | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| Discussion and Study Questions | |
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| Elements of Environmental Assessment and Planning | |
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| Agency Activities | |
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| Environmental Attributes | |
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| Determining Environmental Impact | |
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| Reporting Findings | |
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| Using Information Technology to Aid in the NEPA Process | |
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| Discussion and Study Questions | |
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| Environmental Assessment Methodologies | |
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| Choosing a Methodology | |
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| Categorizing Methodologies | |
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| Review Criteria | |
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| Methodology Descriptions | |
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| Methodology Review | |
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| Future Directions | |
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| Discussion and Study Questions | |
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| Generalized Approach for Environmental Assessment | |
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| Agency Activities | |
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| Environmental Attributes | |
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| Institutional Constraints | |
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| Environmental Setting | |
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| System | |
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| Output | |
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| Rationale for a Computer-Based System | |
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| Discussion and Study Questions | |
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| Procedure for Reviewing Environmental Impact Statements | |
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| Types of EIS Review | |
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| General Considerations in EIS Review | |
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| EIS Review Procedures | |
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| Approaches to Systematic EIS Review | |
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| Review Comments | |
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| Summary | |
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| Discussion and Study Questions | |
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| International Perspectives on Environmental Assessment, Engineering, and Planning | |
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| International Implications of NEPA | |
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| Future NEPA Trends | |
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| Environmental Impact Assessment in Other Countries | |
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| EIA in Selected Countries | |
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| Limitations to EIA Effectiveness in Developing Countries | |
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| EIA in Asia and the Pacific | |
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| EIA in Latin America | |
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| EIA in Canada | |
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| EIA in Europe | |
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| EIA in India | |
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| International Aid Organizations | |
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| Discussion and Study Questions | |
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| Economic and Social Impact Analysis | |
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| Socioeconomic Assessment within NEPA | |
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| Economic Impact Analysis | |
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| Economic Models | |
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| Future Direction for Economic Impact Analysis | |
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| Social Impact Assessment | |
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| Social Impact Analysis Methods | |
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| Assembling the Socioeconomic Impact Assessment | |
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| Problem Areas | |
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| Environmental Justice | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Discussion and Study Questions | |
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| Public Participation | |
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| Beginnings | |
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| Early American Experiences in Public Participation | |
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| Alternative Terminology | |
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| Public Involvement Requirements within NEPA | |
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| What Is the Public? | |
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| What Is Participation? | |
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| Contemporary Experience in Public Participation | |
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| Getting Input from the Public | |
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| Commenting on the Draft EIS-A Special Case of Public Participation | |
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| Case Studies | |
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| Application of Public Input | |
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| Participation in Developing Regulations | |
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| An Effective Public Participation Program | |
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| Benefits of an Effective Public Participation Program | |
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| Response to Public Participation Format Variations | |
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| Public Participation and the Digital Revolution | |
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| Internet Capability to Support Public Participation | |
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| Discussion and Study Questions | |
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| Energy and Environmental Implications | |
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| Energy as a Resource | |
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| Fuel Alternatives and Development of Supplies-Environmental Considerations | |
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| Energy Costs of Pollution Control | |
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| Energy Aspects of Recycling Materials | |
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| Discussion and Study Questions | |
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| Contemporary Issues in Environmental Assessment | |
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| Climate Change | |
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| Acid Rain | |
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| Deforestation | |
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| Endangered Species and NEPA | |
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| Biodiversity | |
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| Cultural Resources | |
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| Ecorisk | |
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| Cumulative Impacts | |
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| Indirect Impacts | |
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| How Are These Contemporary issues Different? | |
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| Discussion and Study Questions | |
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| National Environmental Policy Act | |
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| The National Environmental Policy Art of 1969, as Amended | |
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| Purpose | |
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| Title I | |
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| Title II | |
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| The Environmental Quality Improvement Art, as Amended | |
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| Attribute Descriptor Package | |
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| Air | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Water | |
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| Land | |
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| Ecology | |
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| Sound | |
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| Human Aspects | |
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| Economics | |
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| Resources | |
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| A Step-by-Step Procedure for Preparing Environmental Assessments and Statements | |
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| Define the Action | |
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| Develop Alternatives | |
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| Identify Relevant Project Activities | |
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| Examine Attributes Likely to Be Affected | |
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| Solicit Public Concerns | |
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| Re-evaluate Identification of Activities and Attributes | |
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| Evaluate Imparts Using Descriptor Package and Worksheets | |
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| Summarize Impacts | |
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| Review Other Alternatives | |
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| Analyze Findings | |
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| Prepare Assessment Document | |
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| Review and Process Document | |
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| Regulations for Implementing Procedural Provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act | |
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| Part 1500-Purpose, Policy, and Mandate | |
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| Part 1501-NEPA and Agency Planning | |
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| Part 1502-Environmental Impart Statement | |
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| Part 1503-Commenting | |
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| Part 1504-Predecision Referrals to the Council of Proposed Federal Actions Determined to be Environmentally Unsatisfactory | |
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| Part 1505-NEPA and Agency Decision Making | |
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| Part 1506-Other Requirements of NEPA | |
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| Part 1507-Agency Compliance | |
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| Part 1508-Terminology and Index | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |