| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
An Introduction to Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
What Is a Fuel Cell? | |
| |
| |
| |
Why Do We Need Fuel Cells? | |
| |
| |
| |
History of Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Mathematical Models in the Literature | |
| |
| |
| |
Creating Mathematical Models | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
Fuel Cell Thermodynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Enthalpy | |
| |
| |
| |
Specific Heats | |
| |
| |
| |
Entropy | |
| |
| |
| |
Free Energy Change of a Chemical Reaction | |
| |
| |
| |
Fuel Cell Reversible and Net Output Voltage | |
| |
| |
| |
Theoretical Fuel Cell Efficiency | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
Fuel Cell Electrochemistry | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Electrokinetics Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
Charge Transfer | |
| |
| |
| |
Activation Polarization for Charge Transfer Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrode Kinetics | |
| |
| |
| |
Voltage Losses | |
| |
| |
| |
Internal Currents and Crossover Currents | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
Fuel Cell Charge Transport | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Voltage Loss Due to Charge Transport | |
| |
| |
| |
Electron Conductivity of Metals | |
| |
| |
| |
Ionic Conductivity of Polymer Electrolytes | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
Fuel Cell Mass Transport | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Fuel Cell Mass Balances | |
| |
| |
| |
Convective Mass Transport from Flow Channels to Electrode | |
| |
| |
| |
Diffusive Mass Transport in Electrodes | |
| |
| |
| |
Convective Mass Transport in Flow Field Plates | |
| |
| |
| |
Mass Transport Equations in the Literature | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
Heat Transfer | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Basics of Heat Transfer | |
| |
| |
| |
Fuel Cell Energy Balances | |
| |
| |
| |
Fuel Cell Heat Management | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
Modeling the Proton Exchange Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Physical Description of the Proton Exchange Membrane | |
| |
| |
| |
Types of Models | |
| |
| |
| |
Proton Exchange Membrane Modeling Example | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
Modeling the Gas Diffusion Layers | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Physical Description of the Gas Diffusion Layer | |
| |
| |
| |
Basics of Modeling Porous Media | |
| |
| |
| |
Modes of Transport in Porous Media | |
| |
| |
| |
Types of Models | |
| |
| |
| |
GDL Modeling Example | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
Modeling the Catalyst Layers | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Physical Description of the PEM Fuel Cell Catalyst Layers | |
| |
| |
| |
General Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
Types of Models | |
| |
| |
| |
Heat Transport in the Catalyst Layers | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
Modeling the Flow Field Plates | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Flow Field Plate Materials | |
| |
| |
| |
Flow Field Design | |
| |
| |
| |
Channel Shape, Dimensions, and Spacing | |
| |
| |
| |
Pressure Drop in Flow Channels | |
| |
| |
| |
Heat Transfer from the Plate Channels to the Gas | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
Modeling Micro Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Micro PEM Fuel Cells in the Literature | |
| |
| |
| |
Microfluidics | |
| |
| |
| |
Flow Rates and Pressures | |
| |
| |
| |
Bubbles and Particles | |
| |
| |
| |
Capillary Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
Single- and Two-Phase Pressure Drop | |
| |
| |
| |
Velocity in Microchannels | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
Modeling Fuel Cell Stacks | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Fuel Cell Stack Sizing | |
| |
| |
| |
Number of Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Stack Configuration | |
| |
| |
| |
Distribution of Fuel and Oxidants to the Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Stack Clamping | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
Fuel Cell System Design | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Fuel Subsystem | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| |
Model Validation | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Residuals | |
| |
| |
| |
Normal Distribution of Normal Random Errors | |
| |
| |
| |
Missing Terms in the Functional Part of the Model | |
| |
| |
| |
Unnecessary Terms in the Model | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
Appendix A | |
| |
| |
Appendix B | |
| |
| |
Appendix C | |
| |
| |
Appendix D | |
| |
| |
Appendix E | |
| |
| |
Appendix F | |
| |
| |
Appendix G | |
| |
| |
Appendix H | |
| |
| |
Appendix I | |
| |
| |
Appendix J | |
| |
| |
Index | |