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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Two-Dimensional Signals and Systems | |
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| Two-Dimensional Signals | |
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| Separable Signals | |
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| Periodic signals | |
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| 2-D Discrete-Space Systems | |
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| Two-Dimensional Convolution | |
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| Stability of 2-D Systems | |
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| 2-D Discrete-Space Fourier Transform | |
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| Inverse 2-D Fourier Transform | |
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| Fourier Transform of 2-D or Spatial Convolution | |
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| Symmetry Properties of Fourier Transform | |
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| Continuous-Space Fourier Transform | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Sampling in Two Dimensions | |
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| Sampling Theorem-Rectangular Case | |
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| Reconstruction Formula | |
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| Ideal Rectangular Sampling | |
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| Sampling Theorem-General Regular Case | |
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| Hexagonal Reconstruction Formula | |
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| Change of Sample Rate | |
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| Downsampling by Integers M[subscript 1] x M[subscript 2] | |
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| Ideal Decimation | |
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| Upsampling by Integers L[subscript 1] x L[subscript 2] | |
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| Ideal Interpolation | |
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| Sample-Rate Change-General Case | |
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| General Downsampling | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Two-Dimensional Systems and Z-Transforms | |
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| Linear Spatial or 2-D Systems | |
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| Z-Transforms | |
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| Regions of Convergence | |
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| More General Case | |
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| Some Z-Transform Properties | |
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| Linear Mapping of Variables | |
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| Inverse Z-Transform | |
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| 2-D Filter Stability | |
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| First-Quadrant Support | |
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| Second-Quadrant Support | |
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| Root Maps | |
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| Stability Criteria for NSHP Support Filters | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Two-Dimensional Discrete Transforms | |
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| Discrete Fourier Series | |
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| Properties of the DFS Transform | |
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| Periodic Convolution | |
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| Shifting or Delay Property | |
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| Discrete Fourier Transform | |
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| DFT Properties | |
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| Relation of DFT to Fourier Transform | |
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| Effect of Sampling in Frequency | |
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| Interpolating the DFT | |
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| 2-D Discrete Cosine Transform | |
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| Review of 1-D DCT | |
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| Some 1-D DCT Properties | |
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| Symmetric Extension in 2-D DCT | |
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| Subband/Wavelet Transform (SWT) | |
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| Ideal Filter Case | |
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| 1-D SWT with Finite-Order Filter | |
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| 2-D SWT with FIR Filters | |
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| Relation of SWT to DCT | |
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| Relation of SWT to Wavelets | |
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| Fast Transform Algorithms | |
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| Fast DFT Algorithm | |
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| Fast DCT Methods | |
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| Sectioned Convolution Methods | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Two-Dimensional Filter Design | |
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| FIR Filter Design | |
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| FIR Window Function Design | |
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| Design by Transformation of 1-D Filter | |
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| Projection-Onto-Convex-Sets Method | |
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| IIR Filter Design | |
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| 2-D Recursive Filter Design | |
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| Fully Recursive Filter Design | |
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| Subband/Wavelet Filter Design | |
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| Wavelet (Biorthogonal) Filter Design Method | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Introductory Image Processing | |
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| Light and Luminance | |
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| Still Image Visual Properties | |
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| Weber's Law | |
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| Contrast Sensitivity Function | |
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| Local Contrast Adaptation | |
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| Time-Variant Human Visual System Properties | |
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| Image Sensors | |
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| Electronic | |
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| Film | |
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| Image and Video Display | |
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| Gamma | |
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| Simple Image Processing Filters | |
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| Box Filter | |
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| Gaussian Filter | |
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| Prewitt Operator | |
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| Sobel Operator | |
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| Laplacian Filter | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Image Estimation and Restoration | |
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| 2-D Random Fields | |
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| Filtering a 2-D Random Field | |
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| Autoregressive Random Signal Models | |
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| Estimation for Random Fields | |
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| Infinite Observation Domain | |
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| 2-D Recursive Estimation | |
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| 1-D Kalman Filter | |
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| 2-D Kalman Filtering | |
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| Reduced Update Kalman Filter | |
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| Approximate RUKF | |
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| Steady-State RUKF | |
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| LSI Estimation and Restoration Examples with RUKF | |
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| Inhomogeneous Gaussian Estimation | |
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| Inhomogeneous Estimation with RUKF | |
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| Estimation in the Subband/Wavelet Domain | |
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| Bayesian and MAP Estimation | |
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| Gauss Markov Image Models | |
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| Simulated Annealing | |
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| Image Identification and Restoration | |
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| Expectation-Maximization Algorithm Approach | |
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| EM Method in the Subband/Wavelet Domain | |
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| Color Image Processing | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Digital Image Compression | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Transformation | |
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| DCT | |
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| SWT | |
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| DPCM | |
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| Quantization | |
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| Uniform Quantization | |
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| Optimal MSE Quantization | |
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| Vector Quantization | |
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| LBG Algorithm [7] | |
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| Entropy Coding | |
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| Huffman Coding | |
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| Arithmetic Coding | |
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| ECSQ and ECVQ | |
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| DCT Coder | |
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| SWT Coder | |
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| Multiresolution SWT Coding | |
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| Nondyadic SWT Decompositions | |
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| Fully Embedded SWT Coders | |
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| Embedded Zero-Tree Wavelet (EZW) Coder | |
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| Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT) Coder | |
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| Embedded Zero Block Coder (EZBC) | |
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| JPEG 2000 | |
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| Color Image Coding | |
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| Scalable Coder Results Comparison | |
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| Robustness Considerations | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Three-Dimensional and Spatiotemporal Processing | |
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| 3-D Signals and Systems | |
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| Properties of 3-D Fourier Transform | |
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| 3-D Filters | |
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| 3-D Sampling and Reconstruction | |
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| General 3-D Sampling | |
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| Spatiotemporal Signal Processing | |
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| Spatiotemporal Sampling | |
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| Spatiotemporal Filters | |
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| Intraframe Filtering | |
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| Intraframe Wiener Filter | |
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| Interframe Filtering | |
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| Interframe Wiener Filter | |
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| Spatiotemporal Markov Models | |
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| Causal and Semicausal 3-D Field Sequences | |
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| Reduced Update Spatiotemporal Kalman Filter | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Digital Video Processing | |
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| Interframe Processing | |
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| Motion Estimation and Motion Compensation | |
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| Block Matching Method | |
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| Hierarchical Block Matching | |
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| Overlapped Block Motion Compensation | |
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| Pel-Recursive Motion Estimation | |
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| Optical flow methods | |
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| Motion-Compensated Filtering | |
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| MC-Wiener Filter | |
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| MC-Kalman Filter | |
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| Frame-Rate Conversion | |
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| Deinterlacing | |
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| Bayesian Method for Estimating Motion | |
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| Joint Motion Estimation and Segmentation | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Appendix: Digital Video Formats | |
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| SIF | |
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| CIF | |
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| ITU 601 Digital TV (aka SMPTE D1 and D5) | |
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| ATSC Formats | |
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| Digital Video Compression | |
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| Intraframe Coding | |
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| M-JPEG Pseudo Algorithm | |
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| DV Codec | |
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| Intraframe SWT Coding | |
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| M-JPEG 2000 | |
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| Interframe Coding | |
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| Generalizing 1-D DPCM to Interframe Coding | |
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| MC Spatiotemporal Prediction | |
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| Interframe Coding Standards | |
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| MPEG 1 | |
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| MPEG 2-"a Generic Standard" | |
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| The Missing MPEG 3-High-Definition Television | |
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| MPEG 4-Natural and Synthetic Combined | |
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| Video Processing of MPEG-Coded Bitstreams | |
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| H.263 Coder for Visual Conferencing | |
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| H.264/AVC | |
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| Video Coder Mode Control | |
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| Network Adaptation | |
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| Interframe SWT Coders | |
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| Motion-Compensated SWT Hybrid Coding | |
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| 3-D or Spatiotemporal Transform Coding | |
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| Scalable Video Coders | |
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| More on MCTF | |
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| Detection of Covered Pixels | |
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| Bidirectional MCTF | |
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| Object-Based Video Coding | |
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| Comments on the Sensitivity of Compressed Video | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Video Transmission over Networks | |
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| Video on IP Networks | |
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| Overview of IP Networks | |
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| Error-Resilient Coding | |
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| Transport-Level Error Control | |
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| Wireless Networks | |
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| Joint Source-Channel Coding | |
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| Error Concealment | |
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| Robust SWT Video Coding (Bajic) | |
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| Dispersive Packetization | |
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| Multiple Description FEC | |
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| Error-Resilience Features of H.264/AVC | |
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| Syntax | |
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| Data Partitioning | |
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| Slice Interleaving and Flexible Macroblock Ordering | |
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| Switching Frames | |
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| Reference Frame Selection | |
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| Intrablock Refreshing | |
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| Error Concealment in H.264/AVC | |
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| Joint Source-Network Coding | |
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| Digital Item Adaptation (DIA) in MPEG 21 | |
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| Fine-Grain Adaptive FEC | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |