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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Human Osteology | |
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| A Guide to the Manual | |
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| Resources for the Osteologist | |
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| Identifying Bones | |
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| Field Procedures for Skeletal Remains | |
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| Search | |
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| Discovery | |
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| Excavation and Retrieval | |
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| Transport | |
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| Ethics in Osteology | |
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| Ethics in Forensic Osteology | |
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| Boundaries of Evidence | |
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| The Expert Witness | |
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| Ethics in Archeological Osteology | |
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| Ethics in Collision | |
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| NAGPRA and Its Effects | |
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| The Future | |
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| Bone Biology & Variation | |
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| Variation | |
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| A Few Facts about Bone | |
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| Bones as Elements of the Musculoskeletal System | |
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| Gross Anatomy of Bones | |
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| Molecular Structure of Bone | |
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| Histology and Metabolism of Bone | |
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| Bone Growth | |
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| Bone Repair | |
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| Postmortem Skeletal Modification | |
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| Bone Fracture | |
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| Bone Modification by Physical Agents | |
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| Chemistry | |
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| Rock, Earth, and Ice | |
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| Abrasion | |
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| Fire | |
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| Bone Modification by Nonhuman Biological Agents | |
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| Nonhuman Animal | |
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| Plant | |
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| Bone Modification by Humans | |
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| Cut marks, Chop marks, and Scrape marks | |
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| Percussion Marks | |
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| Projectiles | |
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| Anatomical Terminology | |
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| Planes of Reference | |
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| Directional Terms | |
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| General | |
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| Teeth | |
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| Hands and Feet | |
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| Motions of the Body | |
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| General | |
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| Hands and Feet | |
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| General Bone Features | |
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| Projections and Parts | |
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| Depressions | |
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| Skull | |
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| Handling the Skull | |
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| Elements of the Skull | |
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| Growth and Architecture, Sutures and Sinuses | |
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| Skull Orientation | |
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| Learning Cranial Skeletal Anatomy | |
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| Frontal | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Parietals | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Temporals | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Auditory Ossicles | |
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| Occipital | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Maxillae | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Palatines | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Vomer | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Inferior Nasal Conchae | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Ethmoid | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Lacrimals | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Nasals | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Zygomatics | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Sphenoid | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Mandible | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Dentition | |
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| Dental Form and Function | |
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| Dental Terminology | |
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| Anatomy of a Tooth | |
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| Tooth Identification | |
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| To Which Category (Class) Does the Tooth Belong? | |
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| Incisors | |
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| Canines | |
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| Premolars | |
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| Molars | |
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| Is the Tooth Permanent or Deciduous? | |
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| Diagnostic Criteria | |
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| Special Cases | |
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| Is the Tooth an Upper or a Lower? | |
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| Upper versus Lower Incisors | |
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| Upper versus Lower Canines | |
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| Upper versus Lower Premolars | |
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| Upper versus Lower Molars | |
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| Where in the Arch Is the Tooth Located? | |
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| Upper Incisors: I[superscript 1] versus I[superscript 2] | |
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| Lower Incisors: I[subscript 1] versus I[subscript 2] | |
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| Upper Premolars: P[superscript 3] versus P[superscript 4] | |
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| Lower Premolars: P[subscript 3] versus P[subscript 4] | |
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| Upper Molars: M[superscript 1] versus M[superscript 2] versus M[superscript 3] | |
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| Lower Molars: M[subscript 1] versus M[subscript 2] versus M[subscript 3] | |
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| Is the Tooth from the Right or the Left Side? | |
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| Upper Incisors | |
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| Lower Incisors | |
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| Upper Canines | |
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| Lower Canines | |
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| Upper Premolars | |
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| Lower Premolars | |
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| Upper Molars | |
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| Lower Molars | |
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| Hyoid & Vertebrae | |
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| Hyoid | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| General Characteristics of Vertebrae | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Cervical Vertebrae | |
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| Identification | |
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| Special Cervical Vertebrae | |
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| Siding | |
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| Thoracic Vertebrae | |
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| Identification | |
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| Special Thoracic Vertebrae | |
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| Siding | |
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| Lumbar Vertebrae | |
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| Identification | |
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| Identifying Lumbar Position | |
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| Siding | |
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| Thorax: Sternum & Ribs | |
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| Sternum | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Ribs | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Special Ribs | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Shoulder Girdle: Clavicle & Scapula | |
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| Clavicle | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Scapula | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Arm: Humerus, Radius, & Ulna | |
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| Humerus | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Radius | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Ulna | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Hand: Carpals, Metacarpals, & Phalanges | |
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| Carpals | |
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| Scaphoid | |
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| Lunate | |
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| Triquetral | |
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| Pisiform | |
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| Trapezium (Greater Multangular) | |
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| Trapezoid (Lesser Multangular) | |
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| Capitate | |
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| Hamate | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Metacarpals | |
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| First Metacarpal (Thumb) | |
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| Second Metacarpal | |
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| Third Metacarpal | |
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| Fourth Metacarpal | |
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| Fifth Metacarpal | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Hand Phalanges | |
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| Proximal Hand Phalanges | |
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| Intermediate Hand Phalanges | |
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| Distal Hand Phalanges | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Pelvic Girdle: Sacrum, Coccyx, & Os Coxae | |
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| Sacrum | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Coccyx | |
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| Os Coxae | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Leg: Femur, Patella, Tibia, & Fibula | |
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| Femur | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Patella | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Tibia | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Fibula | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals, & Phalanges | |
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| Tarsals | |
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| Talus | |
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| Calcaneus | |
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| Cuboid | |
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| Navicular | |
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| Medial (First) Cuneiform | |
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| Intermediate (Second) Cuneiform | |
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| Lateral (Third) Cuneiform | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Metatarsals | |
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| First Metatarsal | |
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| Second Metatarsal | |
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| Third Metatarsal | |
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| Fourth Metatarsal | |
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| Fifth Metatarsal | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Foot Phalanges | |
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| Proximal Foot Phalanges | |
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| Intermediate Foot Phalanges | |
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| Distal Foot Phalanges | |
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| Growth | |
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| Possible Confusion | |
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| Siding | |
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| Osteological & Dental Pathology | |
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| Trauma | |
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| Fracture | |
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| Dislocation | |
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| Artificial Deformation | |
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| Trephination and Amputation | |
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| Infectious Diseases and Associated Manifestations | |
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| Osteomyelitis | |
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| Periostitis | |
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| Tuberculosis | |
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| Treponemal Infections | |
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| Circulatory Disturbances and Hematopoietic Disorders | |
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| Metabolic and Hormonal Imbalance | |
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| Scurvy | |
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| Rickets | |
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| Osteoporosis | |
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| Endocrine Disturbances and Dysplasias | |
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| Tumors | |
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| Arthritis | |
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| Osteoarthritis | |
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| Rheumatoid Arthritis | |
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| Ankylosing Spondylitis | |
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| Dental Pathology | |
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| Caries | |
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| Dental Hypoplasia | |
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| Periodontal Disease | |
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| Dental Calculus | |
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| Artificial Dental Modification | |
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| Occupation | |
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| Laboratory Procedures & Reporting | |
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| Setting | |
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| Preservation | |
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| Preparation | |
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| Restoration | |
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| Sorting | |
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| Metric Acquisition and Analysis | |
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| Molecular Osteology | |
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| Sampling | |
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| DNA and PCR | |
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| Contamination | |
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| Taphonomy of DNA | |
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| Molding and Casting | |
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| Photography | |
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| Equipment | |
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| Exposure and Film (or other recording media) | |
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| Lighting and Setup | |
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| Legal Considerations | |
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| Radiography | |
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| Microscopy | |
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| Computing | |
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| Reporting | |
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| Curation | |
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| The Skeletal Biology of Individuals & Populations | |
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| Accuracy and Precision of Estimation | |
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| From Known to Unknown | |
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| Estimation of Age | |
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| Estimating Subadult Age from Dentition | |
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| Estimating Adult Age from Dentition | |
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| Estimating Adult Age from Cranial Suture Closure | |
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| Estimating Subadult Age from Long-Bone Length | |
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| Estimating Subadult Age from Epiphyseal Closure | |
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| Estimating Adult Age from the Pubic Symphysis Surface | |
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| Parturition Changes at the Pubic Symphysis | |
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| Estimating Adult Age from the Auricular Surface of the Ilium | |
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| Estimating Adult Age from the Sternal Rib End | |
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| Estimating Adult Age by Radiographic Analysis | |
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| Estimating Adult Age from Bone Microstructure | |
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| Multifactorial Age Estimation | |
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| |
| Determination of Sex | |
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| |
| Sexing the Skull and Dentition | |
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| Sexing the Postcranial Skeleton | |
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| Estimation of Stature | |
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| Estimation of Ancestry | |
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| Identifying the Individual | |
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| Discrete Traits | |
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| Dental Nonmetric Variation | |
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| Cranial Nonmetric Variation | |
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| Postcranial Nonmetric Variation | |
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| Estimating Biological Distance | |
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| Diet | |
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| Disease and Demography | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Web Review | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |