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Preface | |
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About the Authors | |
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Introduction | |
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General | |
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Pollution and Environmental Problems | |
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Waste Disposal | |
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Risk | |
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Energy | |
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Population | |
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The Scope of Chemistry of the Environment | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Atmospheric Composition and Behavior | |
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Introduction | |
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Gaseous Constituents of the Atmosphere | |
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History of the Atmosphere | |
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Particulate Constituents of the Atmosphere | |
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Extent of the Atmosphere and Its Temperature and Pressure Profile | |
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General Circulation of the Atmosphere | |
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Conclusion | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Exercises | |
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Energy and Climate | |
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Energy Balance of the Earth | |
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Climate History of the Earth | |
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Causes of Global Climate Changes | |
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Small-Scale Climate | |
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Temperature Inversions | |
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Conclusions | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Exercises | |
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Principles of Photochemistry | |
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Introduction | |
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Electromagnetic Radiation | |
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Kinetics of Thermal Processes | |
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Kinetics of Photochemical Processes | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Exercises | |
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Atmospheric Photochemistry | |
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Introduction | |
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Reactions in the Upper Atmosphere | |
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Photoprocesses in the Troposphere: Photochemical Smog | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Exercises | |
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Petroleum, Hydrocarbons, and Coal | |
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Introduction | |
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The Nature of Petroleum | |
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Sources of Crude Oil and Hydrocarbons in Marine Environments | |
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Fate of an Oil Spill | |
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Effects of Crude Oil on Marine Life | |
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Use of Petroleum in the Internal Combustion Engine | |
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Sources of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds in the Atmosphere | |
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The Air Pollution Problem in Urban Centers | |
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Coal | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Exercises | |
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Soaps, Synthetic Surfactants, and Polymers | |
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Introduction | |
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Soaps and Synthetic Surfactants | |
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Polymers | |
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Conclusions | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Exercises | |
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Haloorganics and Pesticides | |
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Introduction | |
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Environmental Degradation | |
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Chemistry of Chlorinated Organic Compounds | |
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Microbial Degradation of Organics | |
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Toxicity | |
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Chlorofluorocarbons, Hydrofluorocarbons, and Perhalogenated Organics | |
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Polychlorinated and Polybrominated Biphenyls | |
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DDT and Its Degradation Products | |
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Other Chloroorganic Pesticides | |
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Herbicides: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid | |
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Organophosphorus Insecticides | |
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Resistance: The Bugs Fight Back | |
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Biochemical Methods of Insect Control | |
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Integrated Pest Management | |
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Proposed Phaseout of All Chlorine-Containing Compounds | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Exercises | |
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Chemistry in Aqueous Media | |
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Water in the Environment | |
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Acid-Base Reactions | |
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Effects of Temperature and Pressure Effects on Equilibrium | |
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Oxidation-Reduction Processes | |
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Coordination Chemistry | |
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Colloidal Material | |
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Adsorption and Ion Exchange | |
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Conclusion | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Exercises | |
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The Environmental Chemistry of Some Important Elements | |
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Introduction | |
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The Carbon Cycle, CO[subscript 2], and Carbonates | |
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Nitrogen | |
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Sulfur and the Sulfur Cycle | |
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Phosphorus, Fertilizers, and Eutrophication | |
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Biologically Important Metals and Other Elements | |
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Summary | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Exercises | |
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Water Systems and Water Treatment | |
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Composition of Water Bodies | |
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Model Ocean Systems | |
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Residence Times | |
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Acid Rain | |
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Water Treatment | |
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Anaerobic Systems | |
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Irrigation Waters | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Exercises | |
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The Earth's Crust | |
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Rocks and Minerals | |
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Recovery of Minerals from Their Ores | |
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Soils | |
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Nonmetallic Materials from the Earth | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Exercises | |
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Properties and Reactions of Atomic Nuclei, Radioactivity, and Ionizing Radiation | |
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Introduction | |
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The Atomic Nucleus | |
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Energetics of Nuclear Reactions | |
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The Kinetics of Nuclear Reactions | |
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Modes and Energetics of Radioactive Decay | |
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Selected Induced Nuclear Reactions | |
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Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Matter | |
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Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Biological Cells | |
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Classification of Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation | |
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Units of Exposure and Dose for Ionizing Radiation | |
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Estimation of Exposure Rate from Gamma-Ray Sources | |
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Estimation of Dose Rate Based on Source Characteristics | |
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Specific Health Effects | |
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Correlation between Dose and Effect | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Exercises | |
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The Nuclear Environment | |
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Introduction | |
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Cosmic Radiation | |
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Naturally Occurring Sources of Radioactivity in the Environment | |
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Distribution of Naturally Occurring Radioactivity in the Environment | |
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Applications of Naturally Occurring Stable Nuclides and Radionuclides to the Study of Earth and Its Environment | |
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Special-Purpose Sources of Ionizing Radiation in the Environment: Types and Applications | |
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Nuclear Fission Power Plants | |
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Natural Fission Reactors (The Oklo Phenomenon) | |
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Thermonuclear Power Plants | |
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Cold Fusion | |
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Nuclear Weapons | |
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Radioactive Waste | |
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Pathways for Internal Exposure to Ionizing Radiation | |
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Dose of Ionizing Radiation Received by the U.S. Population | |
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Regulatory Limits for Radiation Dose Received by Radiation Workers and the General Population | |
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Examples of Accidents and Incidents Involving the Release of Radionuclides into the Environment | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Exercises | |
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Energy | |
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Introduction | |
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Thermodynamic Considerations | |
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Fossil Fuels | |
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Nuclear Energy | |
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Solar Energy | |
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Geothermal Energy | |
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Wind and Water | |
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Energy Storage | |
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Direct Generation of Electricity from Fuels | |
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The Energy Future | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Exercises | |
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Solid Waste Disposal and Recycling | |
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Introduction | |
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Landfills | |
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Composting | |
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Anaerobic Digestion of Biological Wastes | |
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Incineration | |
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The Tire Problem | |
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Recycling | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Designation of Spectroscopic States | |
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Introduction | |
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Atoms | |
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Diatomic Molecules | |
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Polyatomic Molecules | |
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Additional Reading | |
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Thorium and Actium Series | |
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Units | |
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Symbols and Abbreviations | |
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Index | |