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Contributors | |
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Preface | |
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Future Contributions | |
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Signposts in Electron Optics | |
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Background | |
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Charged-Particle Optics | |
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Aberrations | |
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Aberration Correction | |
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Monochromators | |
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Wave Optics | |
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Image Algebra | |
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References | |
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Introduction to Crystallography | |
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Introduction to Crystal Symmetry | |
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Diffraction from a Lattice | |
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References | |
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Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction | |
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Introduction | |
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More Advanced Topics | |
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Bibliography | |
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References | |
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High-Resolution Electron Microscopy | |
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Basic Principles of Image Formation | |
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The Electron Microscope | |
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Interpretation of the Images | |
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Quantitative HREM | |
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Precision and Experimental Design | |
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Future Developments | |
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References | |
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Structure Determination through Z-Contrast Microscopy | |
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Introduction | |
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Quantum Mechanical Aspects of Electron Microscopy | |
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Theory of Image Formation in the STEM | |
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Examples of Structure Determination by Z-Contrast Imaging | |
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Practical Aspects of Z-Contrast Imaging | |
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Future Developments | |
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Summary | |
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References | |
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Electron Holography of Long-Range Electromagnetic Fields: A Tutorial | |
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Introduction | |
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General Considerations | |
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The Magnetized Bar | |
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Electrostatic Fields: A Glimpse at Charged Microtips and Reverse-Biased p-n Junctions | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Electron Holography: A Powerful Tool for the Analysis of Nanostructures | |
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Electron Interference | |
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Electron Coherence | |
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Electron Wave Interaction with Object | |
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Conventional Electron Microscopy (TEM) | |
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Electron Holography | |
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Summary | |
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Suggested Reading | |
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References | |
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Crystal Structure Determination from EM Images and Electron Diffraction Patterns | |
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Solution of Unknown Crystal Structures by Electron Crystallography | |
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The Two Steps of Crystal Structure Determination | |
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The Strong Interaction between Electrons and Matter | |
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Determination of Structure Factor Phases | |
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Crystallographic Structure Factor Phases in EM Images | |
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The Relation between Projected Crystal Potential and HRTEM Images | |
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Recording and Quantification of HRTEM Images and SAED Patterns for Structure Determination | |
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Extraction of Crystallographic Amplitudes and Phases from HRTEM Images | |
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Determination of and Compensation for Defocus and Astigmatism | |
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Determination of the Projected Symmetry of Crystals | |
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Interpretation of the Projected Potential Map | |
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Quantification of and Compensation for Crystal Thickness and Tilt | |
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Crystal Structure Refinement | |
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Extension of Electron Crystallography to Three Dimensions | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Direct Methods and Applications to Electron Crystallography | |
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Introduction | |
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The Minimal Prior Information | |
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Scaling of the Observed Intensities | |
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The Normalized Structure Factors and Their Distributions | |
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Two Basic Questions Arising from the Phase Problem | |
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The Structure Invariants | |
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A Typical Phasing Procedure | |
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Direct Methods for Electron Diffraction Data | |
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References | |
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Strategies in Electron Diffraction Data Collection | |
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Introduction | |
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Method to Improve the Dynamic Range of Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Cameras | |
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ELD and QED: Two Software Packages for ED Data Processing | |
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The Three-Dimensional Merging Procedure | |
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The Precession Technique | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Advances in Scanning Electron Microscopy | |
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Introduction | |
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The Classical SEM | |
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Advances in the Design of the SEM Column | |
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Specimen Environment and Signal Detection | |
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References | |
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On the Spatial Resolution and Nanoscale Feature Visibility in Scanning Electron Microscopy | |
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Introduction | |
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Backscattered Electron Imaging | |
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Secondary Electron Imaging | |
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BSE-to-SE Conversion | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Nanoscale Analysis by Energy-Filtering TEM | |
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Introduction | |
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Elemental Mapping | |
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Quantitative Analysis of ESI Series | |
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Mapping of ELNES | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Ionization Edges: Some Underlying Physics and Their Use in Electron Microscopy | |
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Introduction | |
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Elastic and Inelastic Collisions | |
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Counting the Elastic and Inelastic Events | |
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Transitions to the Unoccupied States | |
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Electron-Atom Interaction | |
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Orientation Dependence | |
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Orders of Magnitude | |
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Mixed Dynamic Form Factor | |
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Examples of Applications | |
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Images | |
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Conclusion | |
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Appendix | |
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References | |
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Index | |