Foreword to the first edition | p. v |
Preface | p. xxiii |
Acknowledgments | p. xxv |
The authors | p. xxvi |
The contributors | p. xxviii |
Fundamental principles | p. 1 |
Sports medicine: the team approach | p. 3 |
The sports medicine team | p. 3 |
The challenges of management | p. 5 |
The coach, the athlete and the clinician | p. 7 |
Love thy sport | p. 7 |
Sports injuries | p. 9 |
Acute injuries | p. 9 |
Overuse injuries | p. 17 |
But it's not that simple... | p. 27 |
Pain: where is it coming from? | p. 30 |
Pain-producing structures | p. 30 |
Referred pain | p. 33 |
Conclusion | p. 35 |
Beware: conditions masquerading as sports injuries | p. 36 |
How to recognize a condition masquerading as a sports injury | p. 36 |
Conditions masquerading as sports injuries | p. 36 |
Biomechanics of common sporting injuries | p. 43 |
Correct biomechanics | p. 43 |
Lower limb biomechanics | p. 45 |
Biomechanics of walking | p. 48 |
Biomechanics of running | p. 51 |
Abnormal lower limb biomechanics | p. 53 |
Common structural abnormalities | p. 55 |
Assessment of lower limb biomechanics | p. 59 |
Correction of biomechanics | p. 59 |
Upper limb biomechanics | p. 66 |
Biomechanics of swimming | p. 73 |
Biomechanics of tennis | p. 73 |
Biomechanics of other overhead sports | p. 74 |
Biomechanics of cycling | p. 75 |
Principles of injury prevention | p. 84 |
Warm-up | p. 84 |
Stretching | p. 85 |
Taping and bracing | p. 86 |
Protective equipment | p. 91 |
Suitable equipment | p. 91 |
Appropriate surfaces | p. 95 |
Appropriate training | p. 96 |
Adequate recovery | p. 102 |
Psychology and injury prevention | p. 105 |
Nutrition and injury prevention | p. 106 |
Principles of diagnosis | p. 109 |
Making a diagnosis | p. 109 |
History | p. 110 |
Examination | p. 112 |
Investigations | p. 120 |
Radiological investigation | p. 122 |
The diagnosis | p. 126 |
Principles of treatment | p. 127 |
Initial treatment | p. 127 |
To mobilize or immobilize? | p. 128 |
Therapeutic drugs | p. 129 |
Heat and cold | p. 134 |
Electrotherapeutic modalities | p. 139 |
Manual therapy | p. 143 |
Acupuncture | p. 154 |
Dry needling | p. 155 |
Hyperbaric oxygen | p. 155 |
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy | p. 155 |
Surgery | p. 155 |
Principles of rehabilitation | p. 160 |
The rehabilitation program | p. 160 |
Muscle conditioning | p. 161 |
Flexibility | p. 171 |
Proprioception | p. 174 |
Functional exercises | p. 175 |
Sport skills | p. 176 |
Correction of biomechanical abnormalities | p. 178 |
Cardiovascular fitness | p. 178 |
Hydrotherapy | p. 179 |
Progression of rehabilitation | p. 179 |
Stages of rehabilitation | p. 180 |
Monitoring the rehabilitation program | p. 183 |
Psychology and rehabilitation of injury | p. 183 |
Conclusion | p. 184 |
Regional problems | p. 187 |
Minor head injury in sport | p. 189 |
Applied pathophysiology | p. 189 |
Grading of concussion | p. 189 |
Complications of concussion | p. 190 |
Management of the concussed athlete | p. 190 |
Post-concussion syndrome | p. 193 |
Recurrent episodes of concussion | p. 193 |
Prevention of concussion | p. 193 |
Headache | p. 195 |
Clinical approach to the patient with headache | p. 195 |
Vascular headaches | p. 198 |
Cervical headache | p. 200 |
Exercise-related causes of headache | p. 202 |
Facial injuries | p. 203 |
Functional anatomy | p. 203 |
Soft tissue injuries | p. 204 |
Nose | p. 205 |
Ear | p. 206 |
Eye | p. 207 |
Teeth | p. 211 |
Fractures of facial bones | p. 212 |
Prevention of facial injuries | p. 214 |
Neck pain | p. 215 |
Clinical perspective | p. 215 |
Treatment of the athlete with neck pain | p. 218 |
Neck pain syndromes | p. 225 |
Shoulder pain | p. 229 |
Functional anatomy | p. 229 |
Clinical perspective | p. 231 |
Impingement | p. 240 |
Rotator cuff injuries | p. 244 |
Glenoid labrum injuries | p. 247 |
Dislocation of the glenohumeral joint | p. 248 |
Shoulder instability | p. 249 |
Fracture of the clavicle | p. 252 |
Acromioclavicular joint injuries | p. 253 |
Referred pain | p. 256 |
Less common causes of shoulder pain | p. 256 |
Guidelines for shoulder rehabilitation | p. 261 |
Putting it all together: specific rehabilitation protocols | p. 269 |
Elbow and forearm pain | p. 274 |
Lateral elbow pain | p. 274 |
Medial elbow pain | p. 284 |
Posterior elbow pain | p. 286 |
Acute elbow injuries | p. 287 |
Forearm pain | p. 289 |
Wrist and hand pain | p. 292 |
Acute injuries to the wrist | p. 292 |
Wrist pain of gradual onset | p. 302 |
Hand and finger injuries | p. 306 |
Thoracic and chest pain | p. 321 |
Thoracic pain | p. 321 |
Chest pain | p. 324 |
Low back pain | p. 330 |
Clinical perspective | p. 330 |
Severe low back pain | p. 337 |
Mild to moderate low back pain | p. 340 |
Acute nerve root compression | p. 344 |
Stress fracture of the pars interarticularis | p. 346 |
Spondylolisthesis | p. 348 |
Lumbar hypermobility | p. 349 |
Sacroiliac inflammation | p. 349 |
Rehabilitation following low back pain | p. 349 |
Conclusion | p. 359 |
Buttock pain | p. 362 |
Clinical approach | p. 362 |
Referred pain from the lumbar spine | p. 364 |
Sacroiliac joint disorders | p. 368 |
Hamstring origin tendinopathy | p. 370 |
Ischiogluteal bursitis | p. 371 |
Myofascial pain | p. 371 |
Less common causes | p. 372 |
Conditions not to be missed | p. 374 |
Hip and groin pain | p. 375 |
Clinical approach | p. 375 |
Adductor muscle strains | p. 378 |
Osteitis pubis | p. 380 |
Adductor tendinopathy | p. 385 |
Obturator neuropathy | p. 386 |
Trochanteric bursitis | p. 386 |
Less common causes | p. 387 |
Anterior thigh pain | p. 395 |
Clinical approach | p. 395 |
Quadriceps contusion | p. 398 |
Myositis ossificans | p. 401 |
Quadriceps muscle strain | p. 402 |
Differentiating between a mild quadriceps strain and a quadriceps contusion | p. 403 |
Less common causes | p. 405 |
Posterior thigh pain | p. 407 |
Clinical perspective | p. 407 |
Hamstring muscle strains | p. 411 |
Referred pain to posterior thigh | p. 422 |
Less common causes | p. 423 |
Acute knee injuries | p. 426 |
Functional anatomy | p. 426 |
Clinical perspective | p. 427 |
Meniscal injuries | p. 432 |
Medial collateral ligament injury | p. 438 |
Anterior cruciate ligament tears | p. 440 |
Posterior cruciate ligament tear | p. 455 |
Lateral collateral ligament tears | p. 457 |
Articular cartilage damage | p. 457 |
Acute patellar trauma | p. 457 |
Less common causes | p. 459 |
Chronic instability | p. 462 |
Anterior knee pain | p. 464 |
Clinical approach | p. 464 |
Patellofemoral syndrome | p. 468 |
Patellofemoral instability | p. 480 |
Fat pad irritation/impingement | p. 480 |
Patellar tendinopathy | p. 481 |
Partial tears: acute versus chronic | p. 489 |
Less common causes | p. 490 |
Lateral, medial and posterior knee pain | p. 494 |
Lateral knee pain | p. 494 |
Medial knee pain | p. 502 |
Posterior knee pain | p. 504 |
Shin pain | p. 508 |
Clinical perspective | p. 508 |
Stress fracture of the tibia | p. 515 |
Inflammatory shin pain | p. 517 |
Compartment syndromes | p. 519 |
Stress fracture of the fibula | p. 521 |
Less common causes | p. 522 |
Acute bony injuries | p. 522 |
Calf pain | p. 524 |
Clinical perspective | p. 524 |
Gastrocnemius muscle strains | p. 528 |
Soleus muscle strains | p. 530 |
Claudicant-type calf pain | p. 531 |
Conditions not to be missed | p. 533 |
Pain in the Achilles region | p. 535 |
Clinical perspective | p. 535 |
Achilles tendinopathy | p. 540 |
Early treatment and long-term rehabilitation | p. 542 |
Achilles tendon rupture (complete) | p. 548 |
Retrocalcaneal bursitis | p. 549 |
Less common causes | p. 550 |
Other causes of pain in the Achilles region | p. 550 |
Acute ankle injuries | p. 553 |
Functional anatomy | p. 553 |
Clinical perspective | p. 554 |
Lateral ligament injuries | p. 558 |
Treatment and rehabilitation of lateral ligament injuries | p. 559 |
Less common causes | p. 563 |
Persistent pain after ankle sprain--'the difficult ankle' | p. 563 |
Ankle pain | p. 574 |
Medial ankle pain | p. 574 |
Lateral ankle pain | p. 578 |
Anterior ankle pain | p. 581 |
Foot pain | p. 584 |
Rear foot pain | p. 584 |
Midfoot pain | p. 587 |
Forefoot pain | p. 593 |
The patient with longstanding symptoms | p. 602 |
What is the diagnosis? | p. 602 |
Treatment | p. 604 |
Summary | p. 606 |
Enhancing sport performance | p. 607 |
Maximizing performance: nutrition | p. 609 |
Maximizing energy stores | p. 609 |
Maintaining adequate hydration | p. 615 |
Achieving ideal body weight for performance | p. 618 |
Bulking up | p. 624 |
Ensuring sufficient intake of vitamins and minerals | p. 625 |
Optimizing the pre-competition meal | p. 633 |
Supplements | p. 636 |
Conclusion | p. 636 |
Maximizing performance: psychology | p. 639 |
Fundamental psychological skills | p. 639 |
Psychological techniques to aid relaxation | p. 645 |
Psychological skills can aid physical preparation for sport | p. 646 |
The roles of a sports psychologist in a team | p. 646 |
Special groups of participants | p. 649 |
The younger athlete | p. 651 |
Management of musculoskeletal conditions | p. 651 |
Children with chronic illness | p. 662 |
How much is too much? | p. 664 |
Nutrition for the younger athlete | p. 668 |
The 'ugly parent' syndrome | p. 671 |
Coaches' role | p. 672 |
The female athlete | p. 674 |
Historical perspective | p. 674 |
Similarities and differences between the sexes | p. 675 |
Effect of the menstrual cycle on performance | p. 678 |
Menstrual irregularities associated with exercise | p. 680 |
Complications of exercise-associated menstrual cycle irregularities | p. 683 |
Treatment of exercise-associated menstrual cycle irregularities | p. 684 |
Contraception for the athlete | p. 686 |
Exercise and pregnancy | p. 687 |
Menopause | p. 690 |
Menstrual hygiene | p. 693 |
Breast | p. 693 |
Environmental factors | p. 694 |
Nutrition | p. 694 |
Injuries | p. 695 |
The older athlete | p. 700 |
Tissue changes with aging | p. 700 |
The benefits of exercise in the elderly | p. 701 |
Risks of exercise in the elderly | p. 702 |
Drugs and the older athlete | p. 702 |
The disabled athlete | p. 705 |
Classification | p. 705 |
Injuries in disabled athletes | p. 706 |
Doping | p. 709 |
Management of medical problems | p. 711 |
Sporting emergencies | p. 713 |
Preparation | p. 713 |
Treatment of the collapsed athlete | p. 716 |
Severe head injury | p. 718 |
The athlete with possible spinal injury | p. 719 |
Dental trauma | p. 720 |
Laryngeal and tracheal injuries | p. 720 |
Chest injuries | p. 720 |
Abdominal injuries | p. 722 |
Injuries to the extremities | p. 724 |
Other causes of collapse | p. 725 |
Cardiovascular symptoms during exercise | p. 726 |
Cardiovascular changes with exercise | p. 726 |
Palpitation | p. 727 |
Syncope | p. 729 |
Heart murmur | p. 731 |
Chest pain | p. 731 |
Sudden death | p. 732 |
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | p. 733 |
Marfan's syndrome | p. 734 |
Coronary artery disease | p. 734 |
Other significant cardiac conditions in sports medicine | p. 734 |
Special cardiac investigations | p. 735 |
Prevention of sudden death | p. 737 |
Respiratory symptoms during exercise | p. 740 |
Common respiratory symptoms | p. 740 |
Asthma | p. 743 |
Exercise-induced bronchospasm | p. 744 |
Sinus-related symptoms | p. 750 |
Other exercise-related conditions | p. 751 |
Gastrointestinal symptoms during exercise | p. 753 |
Upper gastrointestinal symptoms | p. 753 |
Gastrointestinal bleeding | p. 754 |
Abdominal pain | p. 755 |
Diarrhea | p. 755 |
Exercise and gastrointestinal diseases | p. 756 |
Prevention of gastrointestinal symptoms that occur with exercise | p. 757 |
Diabetes mellitus | p. 759 |
Type 1 diabetes | p. 759 |
Type 2 diabetes | p. 759 |
Exercise and diabetes | p. 760 |
Dietary management | p. 761 |
Complications of exercise in the diabetic athlete | p. 762 |
Conclusion | p. 764 |
The athlete with epilepsy | p. 766 |
Epidemiology and nomenclature | p. 766 |
Pathology | p. 766 |
Generalized tonic-clonic seizure | p. 766 |
Diagnosis of epilepsy | p. 767 |
Treatment | p. 767 |
Exercise prescription | p. 767 |
Management of a seizure | p. 768 |
Conclusion | p. 768 |
Joint-related symptoms without acute injury | p. 770 |
The patient with a single swollen joint | p. 770 |
The patient with low back pain and stiffness | p. 771 |
The patient presenting with multiple painful joints | p. 774 |
The patient with joint pain who 'hurts all over' | p. 776 |
Ordering and interpreting rheumatological tests | p. 777 |
Common sports-related infections | p. 779 |
Hepatitis A | p. 779 |
Hepatitis B | p. 779 |
Hepatitis C | p. 780 |
Other forms of hepatitis | p. 780 |
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | p. 780 |
Infectious mononucleosis | p. 781 |
Skin infections | p. 781 |
Viral respiratory infections | p. 782 |
Travelers' diarrhea | p. 783 |
Are athletes at an increased risk of infection? | p. 783 |
Infection and athletic performance | p. 784 |
The tired athlete | p. 787 |
History | p. 788 |
Examination | p. 789 |
Investigations | p. 789 |
Overtraining syndrome | p. 789 |
Viral illness | p. 793 |
Nutritional deficiencies | p. 794 |
Chronic fatigue syndrome | p. 794 |
Other causes of tiredness | p. 796 |
Conclusion | p. 796 |
Exercise in the heat | p. 798 |
Mechanisms of heat gain and loss | p. 798 |
Clinical perspective | p. 799 |
Heatstroke--a temperature above 41[degree]C | p. 800 |
Exercise-associated collapse | p. 801 |
Cramps | p. 802 |
Fluid overload: hyponatremia | p. 802 |
Other causes of exercise-related collapse in hot weather | p. 803 |
Heat acclimatization | p. 803 |
Guidelines for the prevention of heat illness | p. 804 |
Exercise in the cold | p. 807 |
Generation of body heat | p. 807 |
Heat loss | p. 807 |
How the body perceives cold | p. 808 |
Measurement of body temperature | p. 808 |
Effects of hypothermia | p. 808 |
Clinical features | p. 809 |
General principles of managing hypothermia | p. 809 |
Methods to achieve rewarming | p. 810 |
Treatment of hypothermia in sport | p. 811 |
Frostbite | p. 813 |
Prevention of cold injuries | p. 813 |
Exercise prescription for health | p. 816 |
Pre-exercise evaluation | p. 816 |
Components of exercise prescription | p. 824 |
Exercise prescription for the older individual | p. 824 |
Exercise prescription for the patient with hypertension | p. 828 |
Resistance training for the cardiac patient | p. 829 |
Exercise prescription in patients with osteoarthritis | p. 832 |
Exercise prescription in patients with osteoporosis | p. 834 |
Exercise prescription in practice: a case study | p. 837 |
Practical sports medicine | p. 841 |
Participation screening | p. 843 |
The aims of screening | p. 843 |
Benefits of screening | p. 843 |
The history | p. 844 |
The examination | p. 844 |
Additional tests | p. 845 |
Medical care of the sporting team | p. 850 |
The off-field team | p. 850 |
Pre-season assessment | p. 851 |
Educate team members | p. 851 |
Other essentials | p. 851 |
Traveling with a team | p. 855 |
Preparation | p. 855 |
Air travel and jet lag | p. 860 |
The medical room | p. 861 |
Illness | p. 862 |
Traveler's diarrhea | p. 862 |
Upper respiratory tract infections | p. 862 |
Injury | p. 862 |
Drug testing | p. 862 |
Local contacts | p. 863 |
Psychological skills | p. 863 |
Personal coping skills | p. 863 |
Medical coverage of endurance events | p. 865 |
Race organization | p. 865 |
The medical team | p. 866 |
First-aid stations | p. 867 |
Medical facility at the race finish | p. 867 |
Summary | p. 868 |
Drugs and the athlete | p. 872 |
Historical perspective | p. 872 |
Why athletes take drugs | p. 873 |
Prohibited substances | p. 873 |
Stimulants | p. 874 |
Narcotics | p. 879 |
Anabolic agents | p. 880 |
Diuretics | p. 885 |
Peptide hormones, mimetics and analogs | p. 885 |
Prohibited methods | p. 888 |
Classes of drugs subject to certain restrictions | p. 889 |
Permitted drugs | p. 891 |
Therapeutic use of a prohibited substance | p. 891 |
Supplements and other ergogenic aids permitted in sport | p. 891 |
Food supplements | p. 891 |
Drug testing | p. 894 |
Ethical dilemmas | p. 896 |
The battle against drugs | p. 896 |
Ethics and sports medicine | p. 900 |
Conflict of interest | p. 902 |
Confidentiality | p. 903 |
Performance-enhancing drugs | p. 904 |
Infection and ethics | p. 905 |
Ethics in sport | p. 905 |
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