How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education

Name: How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education
Price: 6.56 USD
Availability: InStock
ISBN: 9780073126548

ISBN-10: 0073126543

ISBN-13: 9780073126548

Edition: 6th 2006 (Revised)

Authors: Jack R. Fraenkel, Norman E. Wallen

List price: $114.69

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Book details

List price: $114.69
Edition: 6th
Copyright year: 2006
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Higher Education
Binding: Digital, Other
Pages: 620
Size: 8.25" wide x 10.00" long x 1.25" tall
Weight: 3.146
Language: English

JACK R. FRAENKEL IS CURRENTLY PROFESSOR OF INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES IN EDUCATION AND DIRECTOR OF THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER IN THE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION AT SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY. HE RECEIVED HIS Ph.D. FROM STANFORD UNIVERSITY AND HAS TAUGHT COURSES IN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND STATISTICS FOR MORE THAN 30 YEARS. IN 1997, HE RECEIVED THE JAMES A. MICHENER PRIZE IN WRITING FOR HIS WRITINGS ABOUT THE SOCIAL STUDIES AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES. HIS CURRENT WORK CENTERS AROUND ADVISING AND ASSISTING FACULTY AND STUDENTS IN GENERATING AND DEVELOPING RESEARCH ENDEAVORS.

Norman E. Wallen is Professor Emeritus of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education at San Francisco State University, where he taught from 1966 to 1992. An experienced researcher, he received his Ph.D from Syracuse University and taught courses in research design and statistics to master's and doctoral students for many years. He is a former member of the City Council of Flagstaff, Arizona and the Executive Committee of the Grand Canyon Chapter of the Sierra Club.



Preface



Introduction to Research



The Nature of Research


Interactive and Applied Learning


Some Examples of Educational Concerns


Why Research Is of Value


Ways of Knowing


Types of Research


General Research Types


Critical Analysis of Research


A Brief Overview of the Research Process


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion


Notes









The Basics of Educational Research



The Research Problem


Interactive and Applied Learning


What Is a Research Problem?


Research Questions


Characteristics of Good Research Questions


Research Questions Often Investigate Relationships


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion









Variables and Hypotheses


Interactive and Applied Learning


The Importance of Studying Relationships


Variables


Hypotheses


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion









Ethics and Research


Interactive and Applied Learning


Some Examples of Unethical Practice


A Statement of Ethical Principles


Protecting Participants from Harm


Ensuring Confidentiality of Research Data


Should Subjects Be Deceived?


Three Examples Involving Ethical Concerns


Research with Children


Regulation of Research


Main Points


For Discussion


Notes









Review of the Literature


Interactive and Applied Learning


The Value of a Literature Review


Types of Sources


Steps Involved in a Literature Search


Doing a Computer Search


Writing the Literature Review Report


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion


Notes









Sampling


Interactive and Applied Learning


What Is a Sample?


Random Sampling Methods


Nonrandom Sampling Methods


A Review of Sampling Methods


Sample Size


External Validity: Generalizing from a Sample


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion









Instrumentation


Interactive and Applied Learning


What Are Data?


Means of Classifying Data-Collection Instruments


Examples of Data-Collection Instruments


Types of Scores


Norm-Referenced Versus Criterion-Referenced Instruments


Measurement Scales


Preparing Data for Analysis


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion


Notes









Validity and Reliability


Interactive and Applied Learning


The Importance of Valid Instruments


Validity


Reliability


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion


Notes









Internal Validity


Interactive and Applied Learning


What Is Internal Validity?


Threats to Internal Validity


How Can a Researcher Minimize These Threats to Internal Validity?


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion


Note









Data Analysis



Descriptive Statistics


Interactive and Applied Learning


Statistics Versus Parameters


Two Fundamental Types of Numerical Data


Techniques for Summarizing Quantitative Data


Techniques for Summarizing Categorical Data


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion









Inferential Statistics


Interactive and Applied Learning


What Are Inferential Statistics?


The Logic of Inferential Statistics


Hypothesis Testing


Practical Versus Statistical Significance


Inference Techniques


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion









Statistics in Perspective


Interactive and Applied Learning


Approaches to Research


Comparing Groups: Quantitative Data


Relating Variables within a Group: Quantitative Data


Comparing Groups: Categorical Data


Relating Variables within a Group: Categorical Data


A Recap of Recommendations


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion









Quantitative Research Methodologies



Experimental Research


Interactive and Applied Learning


The Uniqueness of Experimental Research


Essential Characteristics of Experimental Research


Control of Extraneous Variables


Group Designs in Experimental Research


Control of Threats to Internal Validity: A Summary


Evaluating the Likelihood of a Threat to Internal Validity in Experimental Studies


Control of Experimental Treatments


An Example of Experimental Research


Research Report


Analysis of the Study


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion


Notes









Single-Subject Research


Interactive and Applied Learning


Essential Characteristics of Single-Subject Research


Single-Subject Designs


Threats to Internal Validity in Single-Subject Research


An Example of Single-Subject Research


Research Report


Analysis of the Study


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion



Correlational Research


Interactive and Applied Learning


The Nature of Correlational Research


Purposes of Correlational Research


Basic Steps in Correlational Research


What Do Correlation Coefficients Tell Us?


Threats to Internal Validity in Correlational Research


Evaluating Threats to Internal Validity in Correlational Studies


An Example of Correlational Research


Research Report


Analysis of the Study


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion


Notes



Causal-Comparative Research


Interactive and Applied Learning


What Is Causal-Comparative Research?


Steps Involved in Causal-Comparative Research


Threats to Internal Validity in Causal-Comparative Research


Evaluating Threats to Internal Validity in Causal-Comparative Studies


Data Analysis


Associations Between Categorical Variables


An Example of Causal-Comparative Research


Research Report


Analysis of the Study


Main Points


For Discussion


Note



Survey Research


Interactive and Applied Learning


What Is a Survey?


Why Are Surveys Conducted?


Types of Surveys


Survey Research and Correlational Research


Steps in Survey Research


Nonresponse


Problems in the Instrumentation Process in Survey Research


Evaluating Threats to Internal Validity in Survey Research


Data Analysis in Survey Research


An Example of Survey Research


Research Report


Analysis of the Study


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion


Notes



Introduction to Qualitative Research



The Nature of Qualitative Research


Interactive and Applied Learning


What Is Qualitative Research?


General Characteristics of Qualitative Research


Philosophical Assumptions Underlying Qualitative as Opposed to Quantitative Research


Postmodernism


Steps in Qualitative Research


Approaches to Qualitative Research


Generalization in Qualitative Research


Internal Validity in Qualitative Research


Ethics and Qualitative Research


Qualitative and Quantitative Research Reconsidered


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion


Notes



Observation and Interviewing


Interactive and Applied Learning


Observation


Interviewing


Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Research


An Example of Qualitative Research


Research Report


Analysis of the Study


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion


Notes



Content Analysis


Interactive and Applied Learning


What Is Content Analysis?


Some Applications


Categorization in Content Analysis


Steps Involved in Content Analysis


An Illustration of Content Analysis


Using the Computer in Content Analysis


Advantages of Content Analysis


Disadvantages of Content Analysis


An Example of a Content Analysis Study


Research Report


Analysis of the Study


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion


Notes



Qualitative Research Methodologies



Ethnographic Research


Interactive and Applied Learning


What Is Ethnographic Research?


Ethnographic Concepts


Sampling in Ethnographic Research


Do Ethnographic Researchers Use Hypotheses?


Data Collection in Ethnographic Research


Data Analysis in Ethnographic Research


Roger Harker and His Fifth-Grade Classroom


Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethnographic Research


An Example of Ethnographic Research


Research Report


Analysis of the Study


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion


Notes



Historical Research


Interactive and Applied Learning


What Is Historical Research?


Steps Involved in Historical Research


Data Analysis in Historical Research


Generalization in Historical Research


Advantages and Disadvantages of Historical Research


An Example of Historical Research


Research Report


Analysis of the Study


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion


Notes



Research by Practitioners



Action Research


Interactive and Applied Learning


What Is Action Research?


Types of Action Research


Steps in Action Research


Similarities and Differences Between Action Research and Formal Quantitative and Qualitative Research


The Advantages of Action Research


Some Hypothetical Examples of Practical Action Research


An Example of Action Research


A Published Example of Action Research


Research Report


Analysis of the Study


Main Points


Key Terms


For Discussion


Notes



Writing Research Proposals and Reports



Preparing Research Proposals and Reports


Interactive and Applied Learning


The Research Proposal


The Major Sections of a Research Proposal or Report


Sections Unique to Research Reports


A Sample Research Proposal


Main Points


For Review


Key Terms


For Discussion


Notes


Appendixes



Portion of a Table of Random Numbers



Selected Values from a Normal Curve Table



Chi-Square Distribution



Using SPSS


Glossary


Index