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| Some Preliminary Considerations | |
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| Mathematical Induction | |
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| The Binomial Theorem | |
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| Early Number Theory | |
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| Divisibility Theory in the Integers | |
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| The Division Algorithm | |
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| The Greatest Common Divisor | |
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| The Euclidean Algorithm | |
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| The Diophantine Equation ax+by=c | |
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| Primes and Their Distribution | |
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| The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic | |
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| The Sieve of Eratosthenes | |
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| The Goldbach Conjecture | |
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| The Theory of Congruences | |
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| Carl Friedrich Gauss | |
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| Basic Properties of Congruence | |
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| Special Divisibility Tests | |
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| Linear Congruences | |
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| Fermat's Theorem | |
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| Pierre de Fermat | |
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| Fermat's Factorization Method | |
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| The Little Theorem | |
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| Wilson's Theorem | |
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| Number-Theoretic Functions | |
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| The Functions ��nd �ã | |
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| The Mobius Inversion Formula | |
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| The Greatest Integer Function | |
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| An Application to the Calendar | |
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| Euler's Generalization of Fermat's Theorem | |
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| Leonhard Euler | |
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| Euler's Phi-Function | |
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| Euler's Theorem | |
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| Some Properties of the Phi-Function | |
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| An Application to Cryptography | |
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| Primitive Roots and Indices | |
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| The Order of an Integer Modulo n | |
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| Primitive Roots for Primes | |
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| Composite Numbers Having Prime Roots | |
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| The Theory of Indices | |
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| The Quadratic Reciprocity Law | |
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| Euler's Criterion | |
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| The Legendre Symbol and Its Properties | |
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| Quadratic Reciprocity | |
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| Quadratic Congruences with Composite Moduli | |
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| Perfect Numbers | |
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| The Search for Perfect Numbers | |
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| Mersenne Primes | |
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| Fermat Numbers | |
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| The Fermat Conjecture | |
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| Pythagorean Triples | |
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| The Famous ��Last Theorem�� | |
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| Representation of Integers as Sums of Squares | |
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| Joseph Louis Lagrange | |
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| Sums of Two Squares | |
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| Sums of More than Two Squares | |
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| Fibonacci Numbers | |
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| The Fibonacci Sequence | |
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| Certain Identities Involving Fibonacci Numbers | |
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| Continued Fractions | |
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| Srinivasa Ramanujan | |
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| Finite Continued Fractions | |
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| Infinite Continued Fractions | |
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| Pell's Equation | |
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| Some Twentieth-Century Developments | |
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| Hardy, Dickson, and Erdos | |
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| Primality Testing and Factorization | |
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| An Application to Factoring: Remote Coin-Flipping | |
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| The Prime Number Theorem | |