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| Foreword | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Brief History of Location Services and Concepts | |
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| Emergency Services: A Case Study of an Important Location-Based Service | |
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| Cellular Network Architecture for North American Emergency Services | |
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| Location Determination in Cellular Networks | |
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| Uncertainty and Confidence in Location Determination | |
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| The Rise of VoIP and the Creation of an IP Location Imperative | |
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| The Internet Services Model | |
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| Nomadicity and Mobility | |
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| The i2 Architecture | |
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| Literal Location vs. Location Reference | |
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| A Question of Trust | |
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| The LIS: A Location Server for Access Networks | |
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| A Generic Architecture | |
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| Reference | |
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| Location, Presence, and Privacy | |
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| Presence | |
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| The Presence Model | |
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| Subscriptions | |
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| The Presence Document | |
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| Using Presence for Location Information | |
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| The GEOPRIV Model | |
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| GEOPRIV Roles | |
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| Applying the GEOPRIV Model | |
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| Fitting the GEOPRIV Model to i2 | |
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| A Unified Presence Model for Location | |
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| The PIDF-LO | |
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| Location Information Types | |
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| PIDF-LO Privacy Requests | |
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| Controlling Access to Location Information | |
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| Privacy for 3GPP Location Services | |
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| Security for Privacy | |
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| References | |
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| Location Determination and the Access Location Entity | |
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| Location Measurements | |
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| The Access Location Entity (ALE) | |
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| Using Measurements | |
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| The Flexible LIS-ALE Protocol (FLAP) | |
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| Extensions | |
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| FLAP Messages | |
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| Acquiring Measurements from the Target/Device | |
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| Device-Assisted A-GNSS or A-GPS | |
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| Other Device-Based Methods | |
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| Hybrid Location Determination | |
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| References | |
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| The LIS, Location Acquisition, and the HELD Protocol | |
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| The Location Information Server | |
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| Location Distribution to the Target | |
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| The LIS Interfaces | |
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| The HELD Protocol and Semantics | |
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| Target Location Acquisition | |
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| Requesting a Location Reference | |
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| Context Data | |
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| Updating a Context | |
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| Location Assertion | |
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| Reporting Errors | |
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| Third-Party Interface Authentication | |
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| The Trusted-Party Query Interface | |
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| LIS Discovery Using DNS | |
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| External IP Address Determination | |
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| Domain Determination | |
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| DNS SRV Record LIS Discovery | |
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| Types of LIS | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| IP Location in Enterprise Networks | |
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| Enterprise Network Access Technologies | |
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| Wired Ethernet Networks | |
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| WiFi Networks | |
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| Location Determination in Enterprise Networks | |
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| Bridge MIB Interrogations | |
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| DHCP Relay Location Determination | |
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| Location Acquisition Alternatives and Comparisons to HELD | |
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| Who Can Get Location? | |
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| Link Layer Discovery Protocol Media Endpoint Discovery (LLDP-MED) | |
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| DHCP Location Acquisition | |
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| HELD Location Acquisition | |
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| Enterprise Location Considerations | |
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| NATs, Firewalls, and VPNs | |
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| Data Management | |
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| Enterprise Location Applications | |
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| Staff-Locator/Asset Tracker Application | |
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| An Emergency Application | |
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| Enterprise Location Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| IP Location in Wireline Public Carrier Networks | |
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| Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Networks | |
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| DSL Entities | |
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| DSL Interfaces | |
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| Protocol Background | |
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| Location Determination and Acquisition in DSL Networks | |
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| DSL Network Summary | |
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| Cable Networks | |
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| The Anatomy of Cable Networks | |
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| Location in Cable Networks | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| WiFi and Ad Hoc Wireless Networks | |
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| 802.11 Wireless LANs | |
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| Basic Wireless Location Determination Toolset | |
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| Nearest Transmitter or Access Point | |
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| Ranging Measurements | |
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| Direction | |
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| Signal Strength Measurements | |
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| Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) | |
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| Ad Hoc Location Determination Methods | |
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| Network Topology in Location Determination | |
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| Architectural Considerations | |
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| Ad Hoc Networks | |
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| ALE Overlays | |
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| The Wireless Network Controller as an ALE | |
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| Location Support in 802.11v | |
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| IP Mobility and Location Acquisition | |
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| References | |
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| IP Location in Wireless Public Carrier Networks | |
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| Cellular Data Networks | |
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| Location in GPRS Networks | |
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| Location in CDMA 1xEVDO | |
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| Unlicensed Mobile Access | |
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| WiMAX | |
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| Location in an Open Services Network | |
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| Location in an IMS Network | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Device Interactions in Location Determination | |
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| The Role of the Device in the Location Architecture | |
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| Device Measurements | |
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| Autonomous Location Determination | |
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| Preventing Location Fraud | |
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| Architectural Goals | |
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| Autonomous Location Determination | |
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| Device Independence | |
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| The LIS Provides Credentialed Location | |
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| A LIS-Provided Location URI | |
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| Location Measurements in HELD | |
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| Location Assertion | |
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| Device Callback | |
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| Capability Negotiation | |
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| Device-Based Technologies | |
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| A User-Entered Location | |
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| LLDP Measurements | |
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| Wireless LAN Measurements | |
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| RFID Beacons | |
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| GNSS and Assisted-GNSS | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Privacy Considerations for Internet Location | |
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| Privacy Legislation | |
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| Location Privacy Mechanisms in 3GPP | |
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| Gaining Consent | |
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| Generalized Consent | |
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| Simplifying Privacy | |
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| Architectures for Privacy Protection | |
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| Architectural Choices | |
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| Focus on Law Enforcement | |
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| Location Acquisition Challenges for Law Enforcement | |
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| References | |
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| Abridged FLAP Specification | |
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| BEEP Protocol Binding | |
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| BEEP Transport | |
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| BEEP and XML | |
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| FLAP Versions | |
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| Error Handling | |
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| FLAP Messages | |
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| Schema UML | |
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| Core Message Definitions | |
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| Management Message Definitions | |
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| Common Type Definitions | |
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| Result Codes | |
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| Extensions | |
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| Access Technology Extensions | |
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| Additional Message Types | |
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| Vendor-Specific Content | |
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| FLAP Base XML Schema | |
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| Access Technology Extensions | |
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| DHCP Technology Extension | |
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| Ethernet Switch Technology Extension | |
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| DHCP Lease Query Technology Extension | |
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| RADIUS Technology Extension | |
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| References | |
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| HELD Base Schema | |
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| HELD Schema | |
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| Digital Signature for PIDF-LO | |
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| What Needs to Be Signed | |
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| The Digital Signature | |
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| PIDF-LO Transformation | |
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| Algorithms | |
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| Signature Key Data | |
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| XML Definitions | |
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| XML Schema | |
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| XPath Filter | |
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| Example | |
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| Security Considerations | |
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| References | |
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| HELD Protocol Bindings | |
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| HELD HTTP Protocol Binding | |
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| The HELD HTTP Binding WSDL Document | |
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| HELD BEEP Protocol Binding | |
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| References | |
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| HELD Identity Extensions | |
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| HELD Identity Extensions Schema | |
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| Identity Extension Examples | |
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| DHCP Example | |
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| L2TP Example | |
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| LLDP Example | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |