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| Preface | |
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| The Chemistry of Biomolecules | |
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| Review of Basic Chemical Concepts | |
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| Forces That Hold Atoms and Molecules Together | |
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| Forces That Drive Reactions | |
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| The Unique Measurements of Hydrogen Ion Concentration-pH | |
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| The Unique Properties of the Carbon Atom | |
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| The Importance of Molecular Arrangement-Stereochemistry | |
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| Summary | |
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| Quiz | |
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| Cell Structures and Cell Division | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Cell Theory | |
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| The Three Domains of Life | |
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| Cell Containment | |
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| Introduction to Cell Organelles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Quiz | |
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| Carbohydrates | |
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| Monosaccharide | |
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| Reducing and Nonreducing Sugars | |
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| Derivatives of Carbohydrates | |
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| Glycosidic Bond and Disaccharides | |
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| Polysaccharides | |
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| Glycoconjugates | |
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| Summary | |
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| Quiz | |
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| Lipids | |
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| Fatty Acids | |
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| Triglycerides | |
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| Sphingolipids | |
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| Nonsaponifiable Lipids | |
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| Cholesterol | |
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| An Overview of the Cell Membrane | |
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| Summary | |
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| Quiz | |
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| Lipid Metabolism | |
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| Lipases and Phospholipases | |
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| Cholesterol Release | |
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| [beta] Oxidation of Fatty Acids | |
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| Energy Yield | |
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| Summary | |
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| Quiz | |
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| Protein Structure | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General Characteristics of Proteins | |
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| Summary | |
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| Quiz | |
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| Protein Assembly and Disassembly | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Few Words about Oxidation-Reduction Potential | |
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| Acquisition of Nitrogen from the Environment | |
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| Essential versus Nonessential Amino Acids | |
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| Summary | |
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| Quiz | |
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| Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides | |
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| Pyrimidines | |
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| Summary | |
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| Quiz | |
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| Enzymes | |
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| Enzyme Naming Conventions | |
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| Turnover Number | |
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| Inhibitors | |
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| Irreversible and Reversible Inhibition | |
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| Regulation of Enzyme Activity | |
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| Coenzymes and Cofactors | |
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| Isozymes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Quiz | |
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| Glycolysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Preparatory Phase | |
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| The Pay-Off Phase of Glycolysis | |
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| Hexokinase Regulation | |
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| Phosphofructokinase Regulation | |
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| Pyruvate Kinase Regulation | |
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| More on the Liver | |
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| Ethanol Fermentation | |
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| Other Sugars in Glycolysis | |
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| Glycolysis and Cancer | |
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| Summary | |
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| Quiz | |
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| The Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation | |
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| The Citric Acid Cycle | |
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| The Electron Transport Chain and Protein Complexes | |
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| ATP Synthesis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Quiz | |
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| Control of Chemical Processes-Signal Biomolecules | |
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| Hormones | |
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| Areas of Hormone Production | |
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| Summary | |
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| Quiz | |
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| Specialty Functions | |
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| Hemoglobin | |
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| The Molecular Structure of Oxygen Transport Molecules | |
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| Release of Oxygen | |
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| Factors That Modulate Oxygen Transport and Release | |
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| Other Functions of Hemoglobin | |
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| Chemicals That Impede Hemoglobin Functions-Poisons | |
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| Disease Conditions Resulting from Abnormal Hemoglobin | |
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| Summary | |
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| Photosynthesis | |
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| The Overall Scheme by Which Energy Is Captured and Carbon Is Reduced | |
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| The Molecular Structure of Chlorophyll | |
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| The Details of Energy Capture and Production of ATP | |
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| The Details of Carbon Reduction | |
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| Photorespiration-A Metabolic Process That Does More Harm Than Good | |
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| Summary | |
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| Quiz | |
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| Bioinformation, Analytical Techniques, and Bioinformatics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Production of Proteins | |
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| Methods Used to Study Protein Structure and Function | |
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| Determining Base Code Sequences on DNA | |
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| Analytical Techniques in Deriving Relationships Between Genomes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Quiz | |
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| Final Exam | |
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| Answers to Quiz and Exam Questions | |
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| Common Structures | |
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| Index | |