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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What is a Smart Antenna? | |
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| Why are Smart Antennas Emerging Now? | |
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| What are the Benefits of Smart Antennas? | |
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| Smart Antennas Involve Many Disciplines | |
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| Overview of the Book | |
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| References | |
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| Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Fields | |
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| Maxwell's Equations | |
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| The Helmholtz Wave Equation | |
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| Propagation in Rectangular Coordinates | |
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| Propagation in Spherical Coordinates | |
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| Electric Field Boundary Conditions | |
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| Magnetic Field Boundary Conditions | |
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| Planewave Reflection and Transmission Coefficients | |
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| Normal incidence | |
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| Oblique incidence | |
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| Propagation Over Flat Earth | |
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| Knife-Edge Diffraction | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Antenna Fundamentals | |
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| Antenna Field Regions | |
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| Power Density | |
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| Radiation Intensity | |
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| Basic Antenna Nomenclature | |
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| Antenna pattern | |
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| Antenna boresight | |
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| Principal plane patterns | |
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| Beamwidth | |
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| Directivity | |
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| Beam solid angle | |
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| Gain | |
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| Effective aperture | |
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| Friis Transmission Formula | |
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| Magnetic Vector Potential and the Far Field | |
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| Linear Antennas | |
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| Infinitesimal dipole | |
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| Finite length dipole | |
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| Loop Antennas | |
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| Loop of constant phasor current | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Array Fundamentals | |
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| Linear Arrays | |
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| Two element array | |
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| Uniform N-element linear array | |
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| Uniform N-element linear array directivity | |
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| Array Weighting | |
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| Beamsteered and weighted arrays | |
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| Circular Arrays | |
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| Beamsteered circular arrays | |
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| Rectangular Planar Arrays | |
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| Fixed Beam Arrays | |
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| Butler matrices | |
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| Fixed Sidelobe Canceling | |
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| Retrodirective Arrays | |
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| Passive retrodirective array | |
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| Active retrodirective array | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Principles of Random Variables and Processes | |
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| Definition of Random Variables | |
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| Probability Density Functions | |
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| Expectation and Moments | |
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| Common Probability Density Functions | |
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| Gaussian density | |
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| Rayleigh density | |
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| Uniform density | |
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| Exponential density | |
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| Rician density | |
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| Laplace density | |
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| Stationarity and Ergodicity | |
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| Autocorrelation and Power Spectral Density | |
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| Correlation Matrix | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Propagation Channel Characteristics | |
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| Flat Earth Model | |
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| Multipath Propagation Mechanisms | |
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| Propagation Channel Basics | |
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| Fading | |
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| Fast fading modeling | |
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| Channel impulse response | |
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| Power delay profile | |
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| Prediction of power delay profiles | |
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| Power angular profile | |
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| Prediction of angular spread | |
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| Power delay-angular profile | |
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| Channel dispersion | |
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| Slow fading modeling | |
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| Improving Signal Quality | |
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| Equalization | |
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| Diversity | |
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| Channel coding | |
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| MIMO | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Angle-of-Arrival Estimation | |
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| Fundamentals of Matrix Algebra | |
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| Vector basics | |
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| Matrix basics | |
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| Array Correlation Matrix | |
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| AOA Estimation Methods | |
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| Bartlett AOA estimate | |
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| Capon AOA estimate | |
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| Linear prediction AOA estimate | |
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| Maximum entropy AOA estimate | |
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| Pisarenko harmonic decomposition AOA estimate | |
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| Min-norm AOA estimate | |
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| MUSIC AOA estimate | |
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| Root-MUSIC AOA estimate | |
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| ESPRIT AOA estimate | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Smart Antennas | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Historical Development of Smart Antennas | |
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| Fixed Weight Beamforming Basics | |
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| Maximum signal-to-interference ratio | |
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| Minimum mean-square error | |
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| Maximum likelihood | |
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| Minimum variance | |
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| Adaptive Beamforming | |
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| Least mean squares | |
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| Sample matrix inversion | |
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| Recursive least squares | |
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| Constant modulus | |
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| Least squares constant modulus | |
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| Conjugate gradient method | |
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| Spreading sequence array weights | |
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| Description of the new SDMA receiver | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Index | |