| Introduction to Telecommunications Concepts | p. 1 |
| Basic Telecommunications Systems | p. 4 |
| Components of the Telecommunications Networks | p. 5 |
| Communications Network Architectures | p. 6 |
| The Local Loop | p. 7 |
| The Movement Toward Fiberoptic Networks | p. 8 |
| Digital Transfer Systems | p. 10 |
| The Intelligent Networks of Tomorrow | p. 12 |
| Summary | p. 12 |
| Telecommunications Systems | p. 15 |
| What Constitutes a Telecommunications System | p. 16 |
| A Topology of Connections Is Used | p. 18 |
| The Local Loop | p. 20 |
| The Telecommunications Network | p. 20 |
| The Network Hierarchy (Post-1984) | p. 21 |
| The Public-Switched Network | p. 21 |
| The North American Numbering Plan | p. 22 |
| Private Networks | p. 22 |
| Hybrid Networks | p. 23 |
| Hooking Things Up | p. 23 |
| Equipment | p. 23 |
| Virtual Private Networks | p. 25 |
| History | p. 26 |
| Intelligent PBX Solution | p. 29 |
| Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) | p. 29 |
| Users May Not Like It | p. 32 |
| Data Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) | p. 35 |
| Internet-Based VPN | p. 36 |
| Goals | p. 37 |
| Creating the VPN | p. 43 |
| Router-Based VPN | p. 51 |
| Firewall-Based VPN | p. 52 |
| VPN-Specific Boxes | p. 52 |
| Throughput Comparison | p. 54 |
| Remote Management of VPN Components | p. 54 |
| Cost Considerations | p. 55 |
| Summary | p. 56 |
| Advanced Intelligent Networks (AINs) | p. 57 |
| Intelligent Networks (INs) | p. 58 |
| Advanced Intelligent Networks (AINs) | p. 59 |
| Information Network Architecture | p. 61 |
| Combining AIN and CTI Services | p. 61 |
| The Intelligent Peripheral (IP) | p. 63 |
| IP Services | p. 64 |
| Software Architecture: Client, Router, Server | p. 65 |
| The Application | p. 66 |
| Results of AIN | p. 67 |
| Focus | p. 68 |
| Local Number Portability (LNP) | p. 71 |
| Three Flavors of LNP | p. 72 |
| The Road to True LNP | p. 73 |
| Basic LNP Networks | p. 75 |
| The Terminology | p. 77 |
| Before LNP | p. 78 |
| Number Administration and Call Routing in the Network | p. 79 |
| Using a Database Solution | p. 81 |
| Triggering Mechanisms | p. 82 |
| How Is a Telephone Number Ported? | p. 84 |
| Other Issues | p. 86 |
| Computer Telephony Integration (CTI) | p. 93 |
| The Computer World | p. 96 |
| Other Possibilities | p. 99 |
| Why All the Hype? | p. 101 |
| Linking Computers and Communications | p. 103 |
| The Technology Advancement | p. 106 |
| The Final Bond | p. 106 |
| Signaling System 7 (SS7) | p. 111 |
| Presignaling System 7 | p. 112 |
| Introduction to SS7 | p. 114 |
| Purpose of the SS7 Network | p. 115 |
| What Is Out-of-Band Signaling? | p. 115 |
| The SS7 Network Architecture | p. 117 |
| SS7 Interconnection | p. 119 |
| Basic Functions of the SS7 Network | p. 119 |
| Signaling Links | p. 120 |
| The Link Architecture | p. 122 |
| Links and Linksets | p. 124 |
| Routes and Routesets | p. 125 |
| SS7 Protocol Stack | p. 126 |
| SS7 Applications | p. 130 |
| SS7 and IP | p. 131 |
| SCTP | p. 132 |
| VoIP Impacts | p. 134 |
| Overview of SIP Functionality | p. 134 |
| VoIP Telephony Signaling | p. 137 |
| SS7 and Wireless Intelligent Networks | p. 138 |
| GSM Network Connection to SS7 Networks | p. 139 |
| The Signaling Protocol Stack for GSM | p. 140 |
| CTI Technologies and Applications | p. 143 |
| Understanding Computer Telephony Technologies | p. 144 |
| Understanding Computer Telephony Solutions | p. 147 |
| Voice Recording for Transaction Logging | p. 147 |
| Technology Enhancements | p. 149 |
| Other Technologies | p. 151 |
| Summary | p. 155 |
| Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) | p. 157 |
| Origins of ISDN | p. 159 |
| Origins of the Standards | p. 159 |
| Interfaces | p. 160 |
| Interface Components | p. 164 |
| Physical Delivery | p. 166 |
| The U Interface | p. 168 |
| The Physical Interface | p. 170 |
| Applications of the ISDN Interface | p. 171 |
| Primary-Rate ISDN | p. 173 |
| H0 Channels | p. 174 |
| H11 Channels | p. 174 |
| H12 Channels | p. 175 |
| Signaling on the D Channel | p. 175 |
| Installation Problems | p. 176 |
| BRI Application | p. 177 |
| Broadband ISDN | p. 178 |
| Conclusion | p. 181 |
| Frame Relay | p. 183 |
| Frame Relay Defined | p. 185 |
| What Can Frame Relay Bring to the Table? | p. 186 |
| Where People Use Frame Relay | p. 187 |
| The Frame | p. 189 |
| The OSI Protocol Stack and Frame Relay | p. 191 |
| Frame Relay Speeds | p. 195 |
| Frame Relay Access | p. 196 |
| Overall Frame Relay Core Protocols | p. 196 |
| Carriers' Implementation of IP-Enabled Frame Relay | p. 198 |
| Frame Relay Versus IP | p. 199 |
| Voice over Frame Relay (VoFR) | p. 200 |
| Provisioning PVCs and SVCs | p. 203 |
| Benefits of SVCs | p. 204 |
| Frame Relay Selected for Wireless Data on GPRS | p. 205 |
| Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) | p. 207 |
| What Is ATM? | p. 208 |
| Why the Interest in ATM? | p. 210 |
| ATM Protocols | p. 212 |
| Mapping Circuits Through an ATM Network | p. 214 |
| The ATM Layered Architecture | p. 216 |
| ATM Traffic Management | p. 219 |
| Contention Management | p. 220 |
| The Double Leaky Bucket | p. 222 |
| Categories of Service | p. 224 |
| Getting to the Elusive QoS | p. 226 |
| Shaping the Traffic | p. 227 |
| Normal Bandwidth Allocation | p. 228 |
| What Is MPOA? | p. 228 |
| LANE | p. 229 |
| Voice over DSL and over ATM (VoDSL and VoATM) | p. 232 |
| ATM Suitability for Voice Traffic | p. 234 |
| Integrated Access at the Local Loop | p. 235 |
| ATM and Frame Relay Internetworking | p. 237 |
| ATM and Frame Relay Compared | p. 239 |
| Transparency Across the Network | p. 243 |
| Frame User-to-Network Interface (FUNI) | p. 244 |
| Data Exchange Interface (DXI) | p. 245 |
| What Constitutes a Frame? | p. 248 |
| FUNI Interoperability | p. 250 |
| Network Interworking | p. 250 |
| Service Interworking Functions | p. 252 |
| The DXI Interface | p. 253 |
| Summary | p. 259 |
| Cable TV Systems | p. 261 |
| Cable Television Transmission | p. 264 |
| The Cable Infrastructure | p. 265 |
| The Cable Television Distribution System | p. 267 |
| Signal Level | p. 268 |
| Digital Video on Cable TV Systems | p. 269 |
| Forming a Digital Video Signal | p. 271 |
| Key Features of Digital Modulation | p. 271 |
| DTV Solution Introduction | p. 272 |
| Cable Modem Systems and Technology | p. 277 |
| Cable TV Technology | p. 280 |
| The New Market | p. 282 |
| System Upgrades | p. 282 |
| Cable Modems | p. 283 |
| Standards | p. 286 |
| Return Path | p. 286 |
| Applications | p. 288 |
| The Combined Corporate and End User Networking Strategies | p. 290 |
| A Final Thought | p. 291 |
| xDSL | p. 293 |
| ADSL Defined | p. 295 |
| Modem Technologies | p. 296 |
| The Analog Modem History | p. 297 |
| IDSL | p. 298 |
| HDSL | p. 299 |
| xDSL Coding Techniques | p. 307 |
| Provisioning xDSL | p. 312 |
| Final Comment on Deployment | p. 317 |
| Microwave- and Radio-Based Systems | p. 319 |
| Other Applications | p. 324 |
| What About Bandwidth? | p. 327 |
| How Much Is Enough? | p. 328 |
| What About Reliability? | p. 329 |
| The Choices Are Leased Lines, Fiber, or Microwave | p. 329 |
| Microwave and the Other Wireless Solutions | p. 330 |
| Microwave Radio Solutions | p. 330 |
| Private User Microwave | p. 332 |
| MMDS and LMDS | p. 335 |
| Limited Frequency Spectrum | p. 337 |
| System Configuration | p. 337 |
| Wireless Cable Sources | p. 339 |
| Advantages of Using MMDS | p. 340 |
| Internet Access | p. 340 |
| Key Elements | p. 341 |
| Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) | p. 342 |
| Enter the Competitive Discussion | p. 343 |
| WLL | p. 344 |
| Not for Everyone | p. 346 |
| What About the Bandwidth? | p. 349 |
| Enter LMDS | p. 349 |
| The Reasoning Behind LMDS | p. 350 |
| Network Architectures Available to the Carriers | p. 353 |
| Modulation and Access Techniques | p. 354 |
| Two-Way Service | p. 355 |
| Propagation Issues | p. 356 |
| Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR) | p. 357 |
| Improved Spectral Efficiency | p. 360 |
| Motorola's VSELP-Coding Signals for Efficient Transmission | p. 361 |
| Is There Still a Benefit from Two-Way Radio? | p. 369 |
| Cellular Communications | p. 373 |
| Coverage Areas | p. 374 |
| Analog Cellular Systems | p. 375 |
| Log On | p. 377 |
| Monitoring Control Channels | p. 377 |
| Failing Signal | p. 378 |
| Setup of a Call | p. 379 |
| Setup of an Incoming Call | p. 379 |
| Handoff | p. 380 |
| The Cell Site (Base Station) | p. 382 |
| The Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) | p. 383 |
| Frequency Reuse Plans and Cell Patterns | p. 383 |
| Overlapping Coverage | p. 384 |
| Cell Site Configurations | p. 385 |
| Sectorized Cell Coverage | p. 386 |
| Tiered Sites | p. 387 |
| Reuse of Frequencies | p. 387 |
| Allocation of Frequencies | p. 388 |
| Establishing a Call from a Landline to a Mobile | p. 389 |
| Global Services Mobile Communications (GSM) | p. 391 |
| History of Cellular Mobile Radio and GSM | p. 392 |
| Benchmarks in GSM | p. 393 |
| GSM Metrics | p. 394 |
| Cell Structure | p. 395 |
| Analog to Digital Movement | p. 401 |
| GSM Architecture | p. 405 |
| Mobile Equipment or MS | p. 406 |
| The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) | p. 408 |
| The Base Station Controller (BSC) | p. 409 |
| BSS | p. 410 |
| The TRAU | p. 411 |
| The Registers Completing the Network Switching Systems (NSSs) | p. 413 |
| The Cell | p. 415 |
| Location Area | p. 415 |
| OSI Model - How GSM Signaling Functions in the OSI Model | p. 416 |
| Layer Functionality | p. 417 |
| MS protocols | p. 418 |
| The MS to BTS Protocols | p. 418 |
| BSC Protocols | p. 419 |
| MSC Protocols | p. 420 |
| Defining the Channels | p. 420 |
| Primary GSM | p. 421 |
| Radio Assignment | p. 422 |
| Frequency Pairing | p. 423 |
| Modulation | p. 424 |
| Access Methods | p. 427 |
| Time Slot Use | p. 431 |
| GSM FDMA/TDMA Combination | p. 431 |
| Logical Channels | p. 432 |
| Speech Coding on the Radio Link | p. 433 |
| Channel Coding | p. 434 |
| Convolutional Coding | p. 434 |
| Personal Communications Services | p. 435 |
| Digital Systems | p. 436 |
| Digital Cellular Evolution | p. 438 |
| Spread Spectrum Services | p. 442 |
| Capacity Gain | p. 444 |
| The CDMA Cellular Standard | p. 445 |
| Spread Spectrum Goals | p. 446 |
| Spread Spectrum Services | p. 446 |
| Synchronization | p. 447 |
| Balancing the Systems | p. 448 |
| Common Air Interfaces | p. 449 |
| Walsh Codes | p. 451 |
| Traffic Channel | p. 451 |
| Direct Sequence Spread Spetrum | p. 451 |
| Seamless Networking with IS-41 and SS7 | p. 453 |
| Automatic Roaming | p. 454 |
| Cellular and PCS Suppliers | p. 454 |
| Final Thoughts | p. 456 |
| Wireless Data Communications (Mobile IP) | p. 457 |
| IP Routing | p. 460 |
| Part of the Solution | p. 461 |
| Applications That Demand Mobile IP | p. 463 |
| Speed Isn't Everything | p. 464 |
| Variations in Data Communications (Wireless) | p. 465 |
| Possible Drawbacks with Wireless | p. 466 |
| Pros and Cons to Wireless | p. 466 |
| General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) | p. 469 |
| The New Wave of Internet User | p. 472 |
| GPRS | p. 474 |
| Evolution of Wireless Data | p. 479 |
| Cells and Routing Areas | p. 486 |
| Attaching to the Serving GPRS Support Node | p. 487 |
| PDP Contexts | p. 489 |
| Data Transfer | p. 490 |
| GSM and NA-TDMA Evolution | p. 491 |
| Applications for GPRS | p. 492 |
| Third-Generation (3G) Wireless Systems | p. 499 |
| GPRS | p. 500 |
| EDGE | p. 505 |
| UMTS | p. 507 |
| WCDMA | p. 508 |
| Mobile Internet-A Way of Life | p. 510 |
| Applications of the Wireless Internet | p. 514 |
| Visions of Wireless | p. 515 |
| Positioning the Mobile Industry | p. 518 |
| Key Technologies | p. 519 |
| The cdma2000 Family of Standards | p. 523 |
| Satellite Communications Networking | p. 525 |
| Uses of Satellites in Agriculture | p. 526 |
| Uses of Satellites in Oceanography | p. 526 |
| Commercial Providers | p. 527 |
| History of Satellites | p. 527 |
| How Do Satellites Work? | p. 528 |
| Satellite Frequency Bands | p. 528 |
| Geosynchronous-Earth-Orbit (GEO) Satellites | p. 530 |
| Medium-Earth-Orbit (MEO) Satellites | p. 530 |
| Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) Satellites | p. 531 |
| Orbital Slots | p. 532 |
| Communications | p. 532 |
| Satellite Installations | p. 533 |
| LEO Versus GEO | p. 536 |
| Niches in the GEO Sphere | p. 537 |
| LEO Meets GEO | p. 537 |
| Space Security Unit | p. 538 |
| The Market for the Network | p. 538 |
| Satellite Characteristics | p. 538 |
| Latency | p. 540 |
| Noise | p. 541 |
| Bandwidth | p. 542 |
| Advantages | p. 542 |
| TCP/IP over Satellite | p. 542 |
| Satellite and ATM | p. 544 |
| Charting the Rules for the Internet | p. 545 |
| Tailoring IP Can Accelerate Throughput | p. 546 |
| Low-Earth-Orbit Satellites (LEOs) | p. 549 |
| Low-Earth Orbit | p. 551 |
| So What Happened? | p. 556 |
| The Benefits of These Service Offerings | p. 557 |
| Other Competitors to Iridium | p. 565 |
| The T Carrier Systems (T-1/T-2 and T-3) | p. 567 |
| The Difference Between Tx and DS-x | p. 569 |
| DS-1 Framing Review | p. 570 |
| Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM) | p. 571 |
| The E-1 Pattern | p. 574 |
| The Framing Protocols: D4 Framing | p. 574 |
| Extended Superframe Format (ESF) | p. 577 |
| B8ZS | p. 579 |
| T-2 Transmission (or DS-2) | p. 580 |
| DS-3 Service (T-3) | p. 583 |
| Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) | p. 587 |
| Background Leading to SONET Development | p. 588 |
| The SONET Signal | p. 590 |
| The SONET Frame | p. 592 |
| SONET Overhead | p. 595 |
| Virtual Tributaries | p. 601 |
| SONET Multiplexing Functions | p. 602 |
| SONET Topologies | p. 604 |
| Evolution of SONET in the Rest of the World | p. 607 |
| Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) | p. 611 |
| Why SDH/SONET | p. 613 |
| Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM) | p. 633 |
| WDM | p. 634 |
| Fiber Optics Summarized | p. 637 |
| Back to WDM | p. 641 |
| Why DWDM? | p. 643 |
| The Internet | p. 647 |
| A Brief History | p. 648 |
| Early Internet Services | p. 651 |
| World Wide Web (WWW) | p. 652 |
| Surfing the Web | p. 657 |
| Internet Operation | p. 660 |
| Connectionless Network Services (CLNS) | p. 664 |
| Options and Padding | p. 667 |
| Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) | p. 667 |
| User Datagram Protocol (UDP) | p. 669 |
| IP Addressing | p. 670 |
| DHCP, BOOTP, ARP, and RARP | p. 675 |
| Routing | p. 676 |
| Real-Time Applications | p. 682 |
| Multi-protocol Label Switching (MPLS) | p. 682 |
| Summary | p. 683 |
| Voice over IP (VoIP) | p. 685 |
| VoIP | p. 689 |
| QoS | p. 692 |
| Applications for VoIP | p. 696 |
| Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) | p. 709 |
| Standard IP Networking | p. 711 |
| Rules of Routing | p. 718 |
| The Longest Match Syndrome | p. 720 |
| Enter MPLS | p. 722 |
| Intranets and Extranets | p. 729 |
| Managing the Intranet | p. 731 |
| Web Page Organization | p. 732 |
| Document Security | p. 734 |
| Collaboration | p. 734 |
| Maintaining Interest | p. 734 |
| Jokes | p. 735 |
| Forms | p. 735 |
| Transition Intranet Solutions | p. 736 |
| Portal Products or Customized Web Pages | p. 736 |
| Building a Community | p. 737 |
| Bulletin Board Service | p. 738 |
| Customer Service | p. 739 |
| Thin Clients | p. 739 |
| Extranets | p. 740 |
| Inventory Management | p. 740 |
| Privacy Issues | p. 741 |
| Perishable Goods Application | p. 743 |
| Purchasing Cooperatives | p. 744 |
| Outsourcing | p. 745 |
| Computer Hardware Vendor | p. 746 |
| Automating Customer Service | p. 747 |
| Implementing Extranets | p. 749 |
| TCP Filtering | p. 750 |
| Stand-Alone System | p. 752 |
| Virus Checking | p. 753 |
| Firewall Rules Bases | p. 754 |
| Firewall Performance (Again) | p. 756 |
| Proxies | p. 757 |
| Proxy Security | p. 759 |
| Administration | p. 760 |
| Domain Name System (DNS) | p. 761 |
| Fungible Services | p. 762 |
| Network Management SNMP | p. 763 |
| Network Management Goals | p. 764 |
| History | p. 765 |
| Network Management Function Interaction | p. 767 |
| Database Structure | p. 769 |
| Architecture | p. 771 |
| Network Management System Issues | p. 773 |
| Index | p. 785 |
| Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |