| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Units | |
| |
| |
| Quantity Calculus | |
| |
| |
| Dimensional Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Some Basic Properties and Their Measurement | |
| |
| |
| General Considerations | |
| |
| |
| Mass | |
| |
| |
| Volume | |
| |
| |
| Density | |
| |
| |
| Pressure | |
| |
| |
| Temperature | |
| |
| |
| The First Law | |
| |
| |
| Terminology. Energy. Heat, Work, and the First Law | |
| |
| |
| Spontaneous and Reversible Processes | |
| |
| |
| Heat Transfer | |
| |
| |
| Expansion and Compression | |
| |
| |
| Work with Dissipated Energy | |
| |
| |
| Electrical Work | |
| |
| |
| Gravitational Work | |
| |
| |
| Spontaneous and Reversible Processes: Generalities | |
| |
| |
| Enthalpy | |
| |
| |
| Heat Capacity | |
| |
| |
| The Second and Third Laws | |
| |
| |
| Types of Processes | |
| |
| |
| Statements of the Second Law | |
| |
| |
| Concepts Developed with Carnot Engines | |
| |
| |
| Derivation of the Mathematical Form of the Second Law | |
| |
| |
| Adiabatic Processes: Examples | |
| |
| |
| In Retrospect: Processes and Entropy Changes | |
| |
| |
| What Is the "Meaning" of Entropy? | |
| |
| |
| The Helmholtz Energy and Gibbs Energy | |
| |
| |
| Combining the First and Second Laws | |
| |
| |
| The Third Law | |
| |
| |
| Molar Entropies | |
| |
| |
| Cryogenics | |
| |
| |
| Pure Substances in Single Phases | |
| |
| |
| System Variables | |
| |
| |
| Volume Properties | |
| |
| |
| Energy Functions | |
| |
| |
| Internal Pressure | |
| |
| |
| Thermal Properties | |
| |
| |
| Heating at Constant Volume or Pressure | |
| |
| |
| Partial Derivatives with Respect to Temperature, Pressure, and Volume | |
| |
| |
| Isothermal Pressure and Volume Changes | |
| |
| |
| Standard States of Pure Substances | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Potential and Fugacity | |
| |
| |
| Standard Molar Functions of a Gas | |
| |
| |
| Additional Work Coordinates | |
| |
| |
| Open Systems | |
| |
| |
| Phase Transitions and Equilibria of Pure Substances | |
| |
| |
| Phase Equilibria | |
| |
| |
| Phase Diagrams of Pure Substances | |
| |
| |
| Phase Transitions | |
| |
| |
| Coexistence Curves | |
| |
| |
| Mixtures | |
| |
| |
| Composition Variables | |
| |
| |
| Partial Molar Quantities | |
| |
| |
| The Chemical Potential of a Species in a Mixture | |
| |
| |
| Gas Mixtures | |
| |
| |
| Liquid and Solid Mixtures of Nonelectrolytes | |
| |
| |
| Activity Coefficients | |
| |
| |
| Activities | |
| |
| |
| Electrolyte Solutions | |
| |
| |
| Gravitational and Centrifugal Fields | |
| |
| |
| Reactions and Other Chemical Processes | |
| |
| |
| The Advancement and Reaction Quantities | |
| |
| |
| Mixing Processes | |
| |
| |
| Reaction Enthalpies | |
| |
| |
| Enthalpies of Solution and Dilution | |
| |
| |
| Reaction Calorimetry | |
| |
| |
| Adiabatic Flame Temperature | |
| |
| |
| Gibbs Energy and Reaction Equilibrium | |
| |
| |
| The Thermodynamic Equilibrium Constant | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Equilibrium Position | |
| |
| |
| Equilibrium Conditions in Multicomponent Systems | |
| |
| |
| Effects of Temperature | |
| |
| |
| Solvent Chemical Potentials from Phase Equilibria | |
| |
| |
| Binary Mixture in Equilibrium with a Pure Phase | |
| |
| |
| Colligative Properties of a Dilute Solution | |
| |
| |
| Solid-Liquid Equilibria | |
| |
| |
| Liquid-Liquid Equilibria | |
| |
| |
| Liquid-Gas Equilibria | |
| |
| |
| Reaction Equilibria | |
| |
| |
| Evaluation of Standard Molar Quantities | |
| |
| |
| The Phase Rule and Phase Diagrams for Multicomponent Systems | |
| |
| |
| The Gibbs Phase Rule for Multicomponent Systems | |
| |
| |
| Phase Diagrams: Binary Systems | |
| |
| |
| Phase Diagrams: Ternary Systems | |
| |
| |
| Galvanic Cells | |
| |
| |
| Cell Reactions and Cell Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| The Cell Potential | |
| |
| |
| Molar Reaction Quantities | |
| |
| |
| The Nernst Equation | |
| |
| |
| Evaluation of the Standard Potential | |
| |
| |
| Standard Electrode Potentials | |
| |
| |
| Definitions of the SI Base Units | |
| |
| |
| Physical Constants | |
| |
| |
| Symbols for Physical Quantities | |
| |
| |
| Miscellaneous Abbreviations and Symbols | |
| |
| |
| Calculus Review | |
| |
| |
| Mathematical Properties of State Functions | |
| |
| |
| Forces, Energy, and Work | |
| |
| |
| Standard Molar Thermodynamic Properties | |