Prologue | p. 1 |
Lake Types and Sediment Types | p. 5 |
Lake Classifications | p. 5 |
Genetic Lake Types | p. 5 |
Trophic Level Classifications | p. 12 |
Thermal Lake Types | p. 14 |
Sediment Classifications | p. 17 |
Genetic Sediment Types | p. 19 |
Descriptive Sediment Classifications | p. 22 |
Lake Type versus Sediment Type | p. 24 |
Methods of Sampling | p. 32 |
General Requirements on Sampling Equipment | p. 32 |
Types of Sampling System | p. 37 |
Number of Samples | p. 39 |
The Sample Formula | p. 40 |
Sampling in Different Environments--Statistical Aspects | p. 43 |
Sub-Sampling | p. 48 |
Sediment Traps | p. 53 |
Physics of Sedimentation in Vessels | p. 53 |
Geometry of Vessels | p. 56 |
Practical Aspects | p. 60 |
Problems with Sediment Traps | p. 61 |
The Cone Apparatus for in Situ Determination of Sediment Types | p. 62 |
Methods of Defining Concentrations | p. 65 |
Sampling of Sediment Pore Water | p. 69 |
Physical and Chemical Sediment Parameters | p. 73 |
Physical Parameters | p. 73 |
Water Content | p. 73 |
Loss on Ignition (Organic Content) | p. 76 |
Bulk Density | p. 80 |
Grain Size | p. 82 |
Methods of Analysis | p. 82 |
Grain Size Classifications | p. 84 |
Statistical Definitions | p. 87 |
Grain Size Interrelationships | p. 91 |
Chemical Parameters | p. 95 |
Elemental Composition | p. 95 |
Organic Carbon Compounds | p. 98 |
Humic Compounds | p. 98 |
Other Organic Substances | p. 100 |
Minerals in Lake Sediments | p. 101 |
Carbonates | p. 101 |
Silicates | p. 104 |
Iron | p. 107 |
Phosphorus | p. 108 |
Sulfides | p. 112 |
Heavy Metals | p. 113 |
Biological Parameters | p. 118 |
Sediment-Living Algae | p. 118 |
Macrophytes | p. 121 |
Benthic Invertebrates | p. 122 |
Important Forms of Benthic Animals | p. 123 |
Feeding Mechanisms and Food Types Among Insects | p. 127 |
Distribution of Benthic Fauna Within Lakes | p. 127 |
Benthic Lake Typologies | p. 131 |
Bacteria | p. 133 |
Functional Classification of Bacteria | p. 134 |
Bacterial Turnover of Important Elements | p. 135 |
Oxidation and Reduction of Nitrogen Compounds | p. 135 |
Oxidation and Reduction of Sulfur Compounds | p. 136 |
Oxidation and Reduction of Iron | p. 138 |
Fermentation | p. 138 |
Methane Formation | p. 139 |
Decomposition of Organic Material--General Concepts | p. 139 |
Strategies and Methods for Determination of Bacterial Activity | p. 143 |
The Whole-Lake Approach | p. 143 |
Bacterial Activity in Experimental Procedures | p. 143 |
Parameters Reflecting Total Bacterial Activity | p. 145 |
Factors Reflecting Defined Parts of Bacterial Activity | p. 147 |
Sedimentation in Lakes and Water Dynamics | p. 148 |
Physics of Sedimentation in Lakes | p. 148 |
Geography of Sedimentation in Lakes | p. 156 |
River-Mouth Areas | p. 157 |
Delta Sedimentation | p. 157 |
River Plume Sedimentation | p. 159 |
The Borderline Between River Action and Wind/Wave Action | p. 164 |
Open Water Areas | p. 170 |
Temporal Variations | p. 174 |
Lake Bottom Dynamics | p. 177 |
Definitions | p. 177 |
Processes of Resuspension | p. 181 |
Entrainment | p. 181 |
Turbidific Sedimentation | p. 184 |
Wind/Wave Influences | p. 188 |
Topographical Influences | p. 194 |
Methods to Determine Prevailing Bottom Dynamics | p. 200 |
Lake-Specific Methods | p. 201 |
The Energy-Topography Formula | p. 201 |
The Characteristic Water Content Model | p. 202 |
Site-Specific Methods | p. 204 |
The ETA-Diagram | p. 205 |
The Cone Apparatus | p. 206 |
Sediment Dynamics and Sediment Age | p. 213 |
Laminated Sediments | p. 213 |
Bioturbation | p. 218 |
Introduction | p. 218 |
Patchiness | p. 219 |
Areal Patchiness | p. 219 |
Vertical Patchiness | p. 222 |
Temporal Patchiness | p. 222 |
Species-Specific Patchiness | p. 222 |
Modelling of Bioturbation/Biotransport | p. 224 |
A Dynamic Model | p. 225 |
An Empirical Model | p. 232 |
Sediment Age and Age Determination | p. 237 |
Methods of Age Determination | p. 237 |
Lead-210 | p. 241 |
Cesium-137 | p. 243 |
Release of Substances from Lake Sediments--the Example of Phosphorus | p. 244 |
Background and Presuppositions | p. 244 |
Factors of Importance for Mobilization of Phosphorus | p. 246 |
Fractional Distribution of Particulate Phosphorus | p. 246 |
Redox Conditions | p. 247 |
pH | p. 248 |
Microbial Mineralization | p. 249 |
Equilibrium Reactions | p. 250 |
Transport Mechanisms | p. 250 |
Phosphorus in Sediment Pore Water | p. 250 |
Diffusion | p. 253 |
Turbulent Mixing/Bottom Dynamics | p. 253 |
Bioturbation | p. 254 |
Gas Convection | p. 254 |
A General View of Phosphorus Release | p. 255 |
Sediments in Aquatic Pollution Control Programmes | p. 258 |
Introduction | p. 258 |
Why Use Sediments? | p. 258 |
How to Use Sediments | p. 262 |
Principles of Metal Distribution in Aquatic Systems | p. 263 |
The Type of Metal and Type of Pollution | p. 264 |
The "Carrier Particles" | p. 265 |
The Environmental Characteristics | p. 269 |
Natural Background Levels | p. 271 |
The Contamination Factor | p. 273 |
Case Study--River Kolbacksan | p. 274 |
The Degree of Contamination | p. 280 |
Epilogue | p. 283 |
Table for Student's t-Distribution | p. 285 |
Computer Programmes in BASIC for Determination of Biotransport, Time Stratification and Sediment Compaction | p. 286 |
References | p. 295 |
Subject Index | p. 309 |
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