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| Preface | |
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| Introduction to GNSS Antenna Performance Parameters | |
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| Role of an Antenna in GNSS and its Key Requirements | |
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| Summary of Satellite Navigation Systems | |
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| GNSS | |
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| Regional Satellite Navigation Systems | |
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| Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems | |
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| Polarization and Radiation Pattern of a GNSS Antenna | |
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| Polarization Efficiency and Polarization Mismatch Loss | |
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| Effect of Axial Ratio on the Reception of Satellite Signals by the Receiving Antenna | |
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| Effect of Axial Ratio of a GNSS Antenna on Reception of Different Types of Multipath Signals | |
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| Directivity and Gain of a GNSS Antenna | |
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| RHCP Gain of a GNSS Antenna for an Optimum Radiation Pattern Denned by Its Low Elevation Masking Angle | |
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| Relationship between Beamwidth, Aperture Size, and Directive Gain of a GNSS Antenna | |
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| Effect of Minimum Gain Beamwidth and Antenna Pattern Contour on GDOP | |
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| Phase Center of a GNSS Antenna | |
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| Carrier Phase Windup | |
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| Group Delay Variation in GNSS Antennas | |
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| Requirements for Group Delay Variation with Frequency | |
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| Group Delay Variation with Aspect Angle | |
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| Propagation and Multipath Errors in GNSS Measurements | |
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| Antenna-Induced Errors in GNSS Measurements | |
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| Group Delay Error | |
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| Phase Center Error | |
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| Carrier Phase Windup Error | |
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| Differencing Techniques for Removal of Bias Errors in GNSS Measurements | |
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| Differencing of GPS Data for Removal of Antenna-Induced Carrier Phase Errors | |
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| Differential GPS and RTK Measurements | |
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| Techniques for Removal and Estimation of Carrier Phase Windup Errors Caused by a Rotating Antenna | |
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| The Susceptibility of a Commercial GPS C/A Code Receiver to Interference and Jamming | |
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| LightSquared Transmissions | |
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| Civil GPS Jammers | |
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| Architecture of a GNSS Receiver | |
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| Software Denned Radio (SDR) | |
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| Effects of Interference and Jamming on Tracking Loop Thresholds of a GPS Receiver | |
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| Carrier to Noise Ratio of an Antenna and Receiver Front End at "Masking Elevation" of 5 in the GPS and Galileo Frequency Bands for Quiescent Conditions (Absence of Interference or Jamming) | |
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| Effective Carrier-to-Noise Ratio in the Presence of Interference or Jamming | |
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| Effects of Jamming or Interference on a GPS Commercial C/A Code Receiver | |
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| References | |
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| FRPAs and High-Gain Directional Antennas | |
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| Categories of GNSS Antennas | |
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| FRPA | |
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| Microstrip Antennas | |
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| Selection of the Dielectric Substrate for Microstrip Antennas | |
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| Effects of Surface Waves on Microstrip GNSS Antennas | |
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| Design of Dual-Probe-Fed RHCP Single-Band Microstrip GNSS Antenna | |
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| A Parametric Study of a Single-Band RHCP Square-Shaped Microstrip Antenna | |
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| GNSS Dual-Band Stacked Microstrip Patch Antennas | |
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| Feed Techniques for Generating RHCP in GNSS Microstrip Antennas | |
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| Circular RHCP Microstrip Antenna | |
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| Annular Ring RHCP GNSS Microstrip Antenna | |
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| Mutual Coupling Effects in GNSS Microstrip Antenna | |
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| Phase and Group Delays in GNSS Microstrip Antennas | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of Microstrip Antennas for GNSS Applications | |
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| Quadrifilar Helix Antenna | |
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| Self-Phasing QHA | |
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| Externally Phased QHA | |
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| A Summary of the Advantages and Disadvantages of QHAs for GNSS | |
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| Hexafilar Slot Antenna for GPS | |
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| Planar and Drooping Bow-Tie Turnstile Antennas for GNSS | |
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| End-Fire Array of Turnstile Antennas for Multipath Limitation | |
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| Directional GNSS Antennas | |
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| Helical Antennas | |
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| Helibowl Multipath Limiting Antenna | |
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| Hemispherical Helix Antenna and Its Use in a GPS Beamforming Array | |
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| High-Gain Reflector Antennas for Monitoring GNSS Signals | |
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| Beamforming Antenna Arrays | |
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| References | |
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| Multiband, Handset, and Active GNSS Antennas | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Multiband GNSS Antennas | |
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| Current and New Satellite Navigations Systems | |
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| Advantages Offered by Multiple GNSS | |
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| Current Technology for Multiband GNSS Antennas | |
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| Performance Requirements for Geodetic-Grade Multiband GNSS Antennas | |
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| Phase Center Stability Requirements and Calibration of Multiband GNSS Antennas | |
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| Multipath Rejection Ratio and FBR | |
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| Size and Weight Requirements for Rover Antennas Used in DGPS and RTK | |
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| Geodetic-Grade Multiband GNSS Antennas Using New Ground Plane Technology | |
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| Wideband 2D GNSS Cutoff and Noncutoff Corrugated Ground Planes | |
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| NovAtel GNSS-750 and Leica AR25 Wideband GNSS Antenna with Hemispherical Choke-Ring Ground Plane | |
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| Trimble's Zephyr Geodetic 2 GNSS Antenna with Resistivity Tapered Ground Plane | |
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| Wideband and Low-Profile GNSS Antenna on an AMC/EBG Ground Plane | |
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| GNSS Geodetic-Grade Antennas Based on Spiral Antenna Technology | |
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| Introduction to the Design of Spiral Antennas | |
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| Roke Manor's GNSS Multiband Cavity-Backed Archimedean Four-Arm Spiral Antenna with a Special Ground Plane | |
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| Ultrawideband GNSS Antenna Based on SMM Technology by WEO | |
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| NovAtel's GPS-704X Wideband GNSS Pinwheel Antenna | |
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| Wideband Conical Spiral Antenna for GPS and Galileo | |
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| Microstrip and Other Wideband Antennas Designs for GNSS | |
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| Wideband GNSS Microstrip Antenna Covering 1.164 to 1.610 GHz | |
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| GNSS Antennas for Handset | |
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| Techniques for Locating Wireless Devices | |
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| Fundamentals of A-GPS | |
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| Design of Handset Antennas: Requirements and Technical Challenges | |
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| Size, Appearance, Cost, Weight, and Functionality | |
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| Influence of Receiver Chassis on Bandwidth of Cell Phone Antennas | |
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| Polarization and Radiation Pattern Requirements of GPS Cell Phone Antennas | |
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| Isolation Techniques to Mitigate EMI/EMC Effects on GPS Antennas in Cell Phones | |
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| User Effects on Handset Antennas | |
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| Representative GPS Antenna Designs Used in Handsets | |
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| Dielectric Chip GPS Handset Antennas Using Ceramic and LTCC Substrates | |
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| Basic PLFA and Design Variations of a PLFA | |
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| Isolated Magnetic Dipole for GPS Handsets by Ethertronics | |
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| Coplanar Balanced Dipole Antenna for Handsets by Antenova Ltd. | |
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| Miniaturized Ceramic Loaded QHA for Handsets | |
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| Active GNSS Antennas and the Use of the G/T Ratio as Its Performance Metric | |
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| G/T Measurement of an Active GNSS Antenna | |
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| Technique for G/T Measurement of Active GPS Antennas | |
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| References | |
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| Adaptive GPS Antennas | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Two-Element Adaptive Array | |
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| Theory of Operation | |
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| Effect of Bandwidth and Gain for Ideal Antennas | |
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| Effect of Dispersive Errors (Channel Mismatch) | |
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| Effect of Multipath | |
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| Space-Time Adaptive Array | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Calculating the Adaptive Weights | |
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| Frequency-Angle Response | |
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| Covariance Matrix Estimate | |
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| Dual-Polarized Antenna Array | |
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| Performance Measures | |
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| Some Traditional Measures | |
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| System Performance Measures | |
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| Spatial Adaptive Processor | |
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| Direction Finding | |
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| Array Phase Center | |
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| Typical Results | |
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| Effects of Temporal Taps | |
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| Effects of Temporal Taps for Different Types of Jammers | |
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| Effects of Jammer Spacing on Satellite Availability | |
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| Maximum Number of Jammers to Null | |
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| Frequency-Agile Jammers and Stale Weights | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Endnotes | |
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| Ground Plane, Aircraft Fuselage, and Other Platform Effects on GPS Antennas | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Microstrip Antenna on a Planar Ground Plane | |
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| Planar Ground Plane Effects | |
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| Mitigation of Ground Plane Effects on Performance of GPS Antennas | |
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| Choke-Ring Ground Plane | |
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| EBG Ground Plane | |
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| Rolled Edge Ground Plane | |
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| Resistivity Tapered Ground Plane | |
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| Radiation Patterns of Aircraft Mounted GPS Microstrip Antennas and Verification Through Scale Model Testing | |
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| Scale Model Investigations on a GPS Antenna on a Beechcraft 1900C Aircraft | |
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| Validation of the Aircraft Newair Code for Predicting Antenna Patterns of Fuselage-Mounted GPS Patch Antennas | |
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| Newair Analysis of GPS Antenna on a Boeing 737 Aircraft | |
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| Radiation Pattern Analysis of a GPS Antenna on an Automobile | |
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| Body Interaction with a Handheld GPS Antenna | |
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| References | |
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| Measurement of the Characteristics of GNSS Antennas | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Radiation Pattern Measurements of GNSS Antennas | |
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| Near-Field and Far-Field Regions of an Antenna | |
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| Indoor Far-Field Antenna Test Ranges | |
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| CATR | |
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| NF-FF Antenna Test Ranges | |
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| Radiation Pattern Cuts | |
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| Measurement of Axial Ratio of the RHCP GNSS Antenna | |
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| Gain Measurement of a GNSS Antenna | |
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| Two-Antenna Gain Transfer Method | |
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| Three-Antennas Absolute Gain Measurement Method | |
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| Near-Field Spherical Scanning Techniques for Measuring Gain | |
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| Measurement of the Bandwidth of GNSS Antennas | |
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| Measurement of PCO and PCV of GNSS Receiver Antennas | |
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| Microwave Anechoic Chamber Method of Antenna PCV and PCO Calibration | |
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| Relative Antenna Calibration by Comparison to a Reference Antenna | |
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| Absolute Robot-Based Antenna Calibration | |
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| Comparison of the Three Calibration Techniques for Determining PCO and PCV | |
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| Automated Absolute Field Calibration of the PCV and PCO of a Satellite Transmit Antenna Using a Robot | |
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| Group Delay Variation in GNSS Antennas and Its Measurement | |
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| Requirements for Group Delay Variation with Frequency | |
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| Group Delay Variation with Aspect Angle | |
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| Measurement Techniques for Calibrating Group Delay Variation with Frequency and Aspect Angle | |
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| References | |
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| Antennas and Site Considerations for Precise Applications | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Antenna and Site Dependence | |
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| Multipath Effects | |
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| Monument Effects | |
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| Ground Plane Effects | |
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| Radome Effects | |
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| Measurements and Ionospheric Modeling | |
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| Phase Center Measurements | |
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| Tracking Performance Measurements | |
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| Perfect Antenna Pattern and Method of Realization | |
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| Multipath-Limiting Antennas | |
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| PCV | |
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| Modeling and Measurement Methods of PCV | |
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| Group Delay Variation Effects | |
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| Methods of Improvement for Antenna Performance | |
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| Design Stage Improvement for Antenna Performance | |
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| Manufacturing Stage Improvement for Antenna Performance | |
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| Field Installation Stage Improvement for Antenna Performance | |
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| References | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Index | |