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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| List of Figures | |
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| List of Tables | |
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| Extraocular Muscle Anatomy and Innervation | |
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| Muscle pulleys | |
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| Ocular muscles | |
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| Innervation | |
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| Associated cranial nerves | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Binocular Single Vision | |
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| Worth's classification | |
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| Development | |
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| Retinal correspondence | |
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| Physiology of stereopsis | |
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| Fusion | |
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| Retinal rivalry | |
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| Suppression | |
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| Diplopia | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Ocular Motility | |
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| Saccadic system | |
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| Smooth pursuit system | |
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| Vergence system | |
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| Vestibular-ocular response and optokinetic response | |
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| Brainstem control | |
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| Muscle sequelae | |
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| Past-pointing | |
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| Bell's phenomenon | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Orthoptic Investigative Procedures | |
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| Visual acuity | |
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| Cover test | |
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| Ocular motility | |
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| Accommodation and convergence | |
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| Retinal correspondence | |
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| Fusion | |
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| Stereopsis | |
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| Suppression | |
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| Synoptophore | |
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| Aniseikonia | |
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| Fixation | |
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| Measurement of deviations | |
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| Hess charts | |
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| Field of binocular single vision | |
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| Uniocular field of vision | |
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| Measurement of torsion | |
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| Parks-Helveston three-step test | |
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| Diplopia charts | |
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| Bielchowsky phenomenon (dark wedge test) | |
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| Forced duction test | |
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| Forced generation test | |
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| Orthoptic exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Heterophoria | |
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| Classification | |
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| Aetiology | |
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| Causes of decompensation | |
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| Esophoria | |
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| Exophoria | |
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| Hyperphoria/hypophoria | |
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| Alternating hyperphoria | |
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| Alternating hypophoria | |
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| Cyclophoria | |
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| Incomitant heterophoria | |
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| Hemifield slide | |
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| Investigation of heterophoria | |
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| Management | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Heterotropia | |
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| Esotropia | |
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| Factors necessary for development of binocular single vision | |
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| Constant esotropia with an accommodative element | |
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| Constant esotropia without an accommodative element | |
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| Accommodative esotropia | |
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| Relating to fixation distance | |
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| Exotropia | |
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| Hypertropia | |
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| Hypotropia | |
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| Cyclotropia | |
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| Dissociated vertical deviation | |
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| Dissociated horizontal deviation | |
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| Quality of life | |
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| Pseudostrabismus | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Microtropia | |
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| Terminology | |
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| Classification | |
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| Investigation | |
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| Management | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Amblyopia and Visual Impairment | |
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| Classification | |
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| Aetiology | |
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| Investigation | |
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| Management | |
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| Eccentric fixation | |
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| Cerebral visual impairment | |
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| Delayed visual maturation | |
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| PHACE syndrome | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Aphakia | |
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| Methods of correction | |
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| Investigation | |
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| Problems with unilateral aphakia | |
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| Management | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Incomitant Strabismus | |
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| Aetiology | |
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| Aid to diagnosis | |
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| Diplopia | |
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| Abnormal head posture | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| A and V Patterns | |
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| Classification | |
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| Aetiology | |
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| Investigation | |
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| Management | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Accommodation and Convergence Disorders | |
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| Accommodative disorders | |
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| Presbyopia-physiological | |
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| Presbyopia - premature (non-physiological) | |
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| Accommodative insufficiency | |
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| Accommodative fatigue | |
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| Accommodative paralysis | |
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| Accommodative spasm | |
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| Accommodative inertia | |
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| Micropsia | |
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| Macropsia | |
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| Convergence anomalies | |
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| Convergence insufficiency | |
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| Convergence paralysis | |
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| Convergence spasm | |
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| Specific learning difficulty | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Ptosis and Pupils | |
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| Ptosis | |
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| Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome | |
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| Lid retraction | |
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| Pupils | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Neurogenic Disorders | |
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| III (third) cranial nerve | |
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| IV (fourth) cranial nerve | |
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| VI (sixth) cranial nerve | |
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| Multiple sclerosis | |
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| Acquired motor fusion deficiency | |
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| Non-accidental injury | |
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| Premature visual impairment | |
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| Ophthalmoplegia | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Mechanical Paralytic Strabismus | |
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| Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders | |
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| Brown's syndrome | |
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| Adherence syndrome | |
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| Moebius syndrome | |
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| Strabismus fixus syndrome | |
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| Thyroid eye disease | |
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| Orbital injuries | |
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| Blow-out fracture | |
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| Soft tissue injury | |
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| Supraorbital fracture | |
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| Naso-orbital fracture | |
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| Zygoma fracture | |
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| Conjunctival shortening syndrome | |
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| Retinal detachment | |
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| Cataract | |
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| Macular translocation surgery | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Myogenic Disorders | |
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| Thyroid eye disease | |
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| Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia | |
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| Myasthenia gravis | |
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| Myotonic dystrophy | |
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| Ocular myositis | |
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| Kearns-Sayre ophthalmoplegia | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Craniofacial Synostoses | |
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| Plagiocephaly | |
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| Brachycephaly | |
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| Scaphocephaly/dolichocephaly | |
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| Occipital plagiocephaly | |
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| Apert's syndrome | |
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| Craniofrontonasal dysplasia | |
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| Crouzon's syndrome | |
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| Pfeiffer syndrome | |
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| Saethre-Chotzen syndrome | |
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| Unicoronal syndrome | |
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| General signs and symptoms | |
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| Ocular signs and symptoms | |
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| Management | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Nystagmus | |
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| Aetiology | |
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| Classification | |
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| Investigation | |
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| Management | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Supranuclear and Internuclear Disorders | |
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| Saccadic movement disorders | |
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| Smooth pursuit movement disorders | |
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| Vergence movement disorders | |
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| Gaze palsy | |
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| Optokinetic movement disorders | |
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| Vestibular movement disorders | |
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| Brainstem syndromes | |
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| Ocular tilt reaction | |
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| Ocular investigation | |
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| Management options | |
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| References | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Diagnostic Aids | |
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| Abbreviations of Orthoptic Terms | |
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| Diagrammatic Recording of Ocular Motility | |
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| Diagrammatic Recording of Nystagmus | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Case Reports | |
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| Index | |