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| Preface to the fourth edition | |
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| From the Preface to the first edition | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Reading plan | |
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| The physics and analysis of sound | |
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| The nature of sound | |
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| The decibel scale | |
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| Impedance | |
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| The analysis of sound | |
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| Linearity | |
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| Summary | |
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| The outer and middle ears | |
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| The outer ear | |
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| The pressure gain of the outer ear | |
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| The outer ear as an aid to sound localization | |
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| The middle ear | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The middle ear as an impedance transformer | |
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| The middle ear muscles | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| The cochlea | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| General anatomy | |
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| The organ of Corti | |
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| The innervation of the organ of Corti | |
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| The mechanics of the cochlea | |
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| The travelling wave | |
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| Current measurements of the travelling wave | |
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| Theories of cochlear mechanics | |
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| The fluid spaces of the cochlea | |
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| The endolymphatic and perilymphatic spaces | |
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| The endolymph | |
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| The perilymph | |
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| Hair cell responses | |
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| Hair cell responses in vitro | |
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| Inner hair cell responses in vivo | |
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| Outer hair cell responses in vivo | |
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| The gross evoked potentials | |
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| The cochlear microphonic | |
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| The summating potential | |
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| The gross neural potentials | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| The auditory nerve | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Physiology | |
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| Response to tones | |
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| Response to clicks | |
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| Frequency resolution as a function of intensity and type of stimulation | |
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| Response to complex stimuli | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Mechanisms of transduction and excitation in the cochlea | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The structure of the transducer region | |
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| Stereocilia and cuticular plate | |
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| The cross-linking of stereocilia | |
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| The mechanotransducer channels | |
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| The electrophysiological analysis of mechanotransduction | |
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| Cell membrane potentials | |
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| Mechanotransduction | |
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| The origin of sharp tuning in the cochlea | |
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| Is an active process necessary theoretically? | |
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| Models incorporating an active mechanical process | |
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| Outer hair cells: needed for low thresholds and sharp tuning | |
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| Active mechanical processes in the cochlea: cochlear emissions | |
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| Motility in outer hair cells | |
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| Cochlear micromechanics | |
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| Conclusions on cochlear mechanical amplification | |
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| Hair cells and neural excitation | |
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| Stimulus coupling to inner and outer hair cells | |
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| Activation of auditory nerve fibres | |
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| Neurotransmitter release | |
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| Cochlear non-linearity | |
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| The non-linear growth of cochlear responses | |
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| Two-tone suppression | |
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| Combination tones | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| The subcortical nuclei | |
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| Considerations in studying the auditory central nervous system | |
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| The cochlear nuclei | |
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| Output pathways | |
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| Input pathways | |
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| The ventral binaural sound localization stream: the bushy cells of the anteroventral and posteroventral cochlear nucleus | |
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| Cells of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus: contributions to both binaural localization and to identification | |
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| The dorsal cochlear nucleus: sound identification and localization in the vertical plane | |
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| Excitation and inhibition in the cochlear nucleus | |
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| Functions of the cochlear nucleus | |
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| The superior olivary complex | |
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| Innervation and overall anatomy | |
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| The ventral sound localization stream: comparing the intensities of the stimuli at the two ears | |
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| The ventral sound localization stream: comparing the timing of the stimuli at the two ears | |
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| Summary of role of superior olivary complex in sound localization | |
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| Ascending pathways of the brainstem and the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus | |
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| The ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus | |
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| The dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus | |
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| The inferior colliculus | |
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| General anatomy | |
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| The central nucleus | |
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| The external nucleus and dorsal cortex | |
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| The medial geniculate body | |
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| Overall anatomy and inputs | |
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| The ventral nucleus | |
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| The medial and dorsal nuclei | |
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| Brainstem reflexes | |
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| Middle ear muscle reflex | |
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| Acoustic startle | |
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| Orientation | |
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| Audiogenic seizures | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| The auditory cortex | |
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| Organization | |
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| Anatomy and projections | |
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| Tonotopic organization | |
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| Organization along the frequency-band strips | |
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| The responses of single neurones | |
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| Responses in the core | |
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| Responses in the belt | |
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| Cortical processing of sound location | |
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| Behavioural experiments | |
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| Electrophysiological responses | |
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| Cortical processing and stimulus complexity | |
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| Behavioural experiments | |
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| Physiological responses | |
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| Overview of functions of the auditory cortex | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| The centrifugal pathways | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The olivocochlear bundle | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Neurotransmitters | |
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| Physiology and function | |
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| Centrifugal pathways to the cochlear nuclei | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Neurotransmitters | |
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| Physiology and function | |
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| Centrifugal pathways in higher centres | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Physiology and function | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Physiological correlates of auditory psychophysics and performance | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The absolute threshold | |
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| Frequency resolution | |
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| A review of the psychophysics of frequency resolution | |
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| Quantitative relations between psychophysics and physiology in frequency resolution | |
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| Frequency resolution in the auditory central nervous system | |
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| Co-modulation masking release: analysis across fitters | |
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| Frequency discrimination | |
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| Place and time coding | |
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| A psychophysical model for pitch perception and its relation to physiology | |
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| Intensity and loudness | |
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| Stimulus coding as a function of intensity | |
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| Loudness | |
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| Sound localization and spatial hearing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Mechanisms of sound localization | |
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| Spatial release from masking and the binaural masking level difference | |
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| Speech | |
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| What is special about speech? | |
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| Auditory nerve and brainstem responses | |
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| Cortical responses to vocalizations in non-human species | |
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| Responses to speech in the human cortex | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Sensorineural hearing loss | |
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| Types of hearing loss | |
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| Sensorineural hearing loss of cochlear origin: mechanisms of pathology | |
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| Ototoxicity | |
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| Acoustic trauma | |
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| Genetic causes | |
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| Ageing | |
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| Sensorineural hearing loss of cochlear origin: functional changes | |
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| Physiological changes | |
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| Psychophysical correlates | |
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| Physiological aspects of the cochlear prosthesis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Physiological background | |
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| Results | |
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| Cellular replacement, protection and gene therapy in the inner ear | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Production of new hair cells by transdifferentiation of supporting cells | |
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| Production of new hair cells by mitosis in the mammalian cochlea | |
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| Gene therapy | |
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| Stem cell therapy | |
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| Cell protection | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |