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| Terminology, the Standard Human, and Scaling | |
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| Anatomical Terminology | |
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| Motion in the Human Machine | |
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| The Standard Human | |
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| Scaling Relationships | |
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| Allometric Rules | |
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| Scaling in the Senses | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Statics of the Body | |
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| Review of Forces, Torques, and Equilibrium | |
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| Statics: Motion in One Plane and Levers | |
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| Statics in the Body | |
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| The Lower Arm | |
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| Hip Problems | |
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| Statics of Other Synovial Joints | |
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| Lower Back Problems | |
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| Three-Force Rule | |
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| Multisegment Modeling | |
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| The Sense of Touch | |
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| Diversion into the Units of Force and Pressure | |
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| Force | |
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| Pressure | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Motion | |
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| Kinematics and Musculature | |
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| Standing | |
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| Stability | |
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| Forces on the Feet | |
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| Walking | |
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| Kinematics | |
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| Muscular Action | |
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| Friction | |
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| Energetics | |
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| Review of Harmonic Motion, Pendulums, and Moments of Inertia | |
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| Ballistic (or Pendulum) Model of Walking | |
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| Inverted Pendulum Model | |
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| Running | |
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| Kinematics | |
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| Muscular Action | |
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| Energetics | |
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| Bouncing Ball/Pogo Stick Model | |
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| Jumping | |
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| Vertical Jump | |
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| Pole Vault | |
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| Throwing a Ball | |
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| Throwing a Spinning Ball | |
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| Power Generated During a Throw | |
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| Other Types of Motion | |
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| Collisions of the Human Body | |
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| Kinematics of a Collision | |
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| Consequences of Collisions | |
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| Hitting Balls | |
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| Running | |
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| Jumping | |
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| Sustained Acceleration | |
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| Physics of Sports | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Mechanical Properties of the Body | |
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| Material Components of the Body | |
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| Bone | |
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| Ligaments and Tendons | |
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| Cartilage | |
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| Elastic Properties | |
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| Basic Stress-Strain Relationships | |
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| Other Stress-Strain Relations | |
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| Bone Shortening | |
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| Energy Storage in Elastic Media | |
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| Time-Independent Deviations in Hookean Materials | |
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| Non-Hookean Materials | |
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| Static Equilibrium of Deformable Bodies (Advanced Topic) | |
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| Bending of a Beam (or Bone) | |
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| Time-Dependent Deviations from Elastic Behavior: Viscoelasticity | |
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| Perfect Spring | |
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| Perfect Dashpot | |
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| Simple Viscoelastic Models | |
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| Viscoelasticity in Bone | |
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| Bone Fractures | |
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| Modes of Sudden Breaking of Bones | |
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| Stress Fractures (Advanced Topic) | |
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| Common Sports Injuries | |
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| Avoiding Fractures and Other Injuries: Materials for Helmets | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Muscles | |
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| Skeletal Muscles in the Body | |
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| Types of Muscle Activity | |
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| The Structure of Muscles | |
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| Passive Muscles | |
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| Activating Muscles: Macroscopic View | |
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| Mechanical Model of the Active State of Muscles | |
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| The Effect of Exercise | |
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| Muscle Fatigue | |
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| Coordination of Muscles | |
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| Active/Tetanized Muscles: Microscopic View | |
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| Total Muscle Tension | |
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| Everyday Proof of the Limited Range of Useful Muscle Length | |
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| Hill Force-Velocity Curve | |
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| The Sliding Filament Model: Nanoscopic View | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Metabolism: Energy, Heat, Work, and Power of the Body | |
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| Conservation of Energy and Heat Flow | |
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| Energy Content of Body Fuel | |
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| Metabolizable Energy and Energy Storage | |
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| Energy Storage Molecules | |
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| How ATP is Produced and Used as an Energy Source | |
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| How ATP is Actually Used by the Body | |
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| Metabolic Rates | |
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| Basal Metabolic Rate | |
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| Metabolic Rates during Common Activities | |
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| Weight Gain and Loss | |
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| Loss of Body Heat | |
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| Modes of Heat Loss | |
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| Body Temperature | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fluid Pressure, Fluid Flow in the Body, and Motion in Fluids | |
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| Characteristic Pressures in the Body | |
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| Definition and Units | |
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| Measuring Pressure | |
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| Basic Physics of Pressure and Flow of Fluids | |
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| Law of Laplace | |
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| Fluids in Motion | |
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| Equation of Continuity | |
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| Bernoulli's Equation | |
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| Interactions among the Flow Parameters | |
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| Viscous Flow and Poiseuille's Law | |
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| Diffusion (Advanced Topic) | |
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| Pressure and Flow in the Body | |
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| Motion of Humans in Fluids | |
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| Swimming | |
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| Human Flight | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Cardiovascular System | |
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| Overview of the Circulatory System and Cardiac Cycle | |
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| Circulation | |
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| Cardiac Cycle | |
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| Valves | |
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| Physics of the Circulation System | |
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| Properties of Blood | |
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| Blood Pressure and Flow in Vessels | |
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| Capillaries and Osmotic Pressure | |
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| Blood Flow Rates and Speeds | |
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| Consequences of Clogged Arteries | |
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| Work Done by the Heart and the Metabolic Needs of the Heart | |
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| Strokes and Aneurysms | |
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| Arterial Bifurcations and Saccular Aneurysms | |
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| Stenosis and Ischemic Strokes | |
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| Equation of Motion of Arteries and Aneurysms during Pulsatile Flow (Advanced Topic) | |
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| Modeling the Circulatory System and the Heart | |
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| Model of the Heart | |
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| Model of the Overall Flow in the Circulatory System | |
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| The Arterial Pulse | |
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| Windkessel Model | |
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| Modeling the Malfunctioning Heart | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Lungs and Breathing | |
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| Structure of the Lungs | |
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| The Physics of the Alveoli | |
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| Physics of Breathing | |
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| Volume of the Lungs | |
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| Breathing Under Usual and Unusual Conditions | |
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| Flow of Air During Breathing | |
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| Mechanical Model of Breathing and Model Parameters | |
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| Inspiration/Expiration Cycle | |
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| Breathing with a Diseased Lung | |
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| Breathing at Higher Elevations | |
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| Work Needed to Breathe | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Sound, Speech, and Hearing | |
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| The Physics of Sound Waves | |
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| The Speed and Properties of Sound Waves | |
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| Intensity of Sound Waves | |
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| What Happens when Sound Travels from One Medium to Another? | |
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| Resonant Cavities | |
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| Speech Production | |
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| Types of Sounds | |
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| Systems in Speech Production | |
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| Parameters of the Human Voice | |
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| The Energetics of Speaking | |
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| Hearing | |
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| Auditory Sensitivity | |
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| Connections to Hearing Perception | |
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| Other Vibrations in the Body | |
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| Cardiac and Other Sources of Sounds | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Light, Eyes, and Vision | |
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| Structure of the Eye | |
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| Focusing and Imaging with Lenses | |
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| Image Formation | |
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| Scientific Basis for Imaging | |
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| Combinations of Lenses or Refractive Surfaces | |
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| Imaging and Detection by the Eye | |
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| Transmission of Light in the Eye | |
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| The Eye as a Compound Lens | |
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| Accommodation | |
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| Field of View and Binocular Vision | |
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| Adjustments of Light Levels | |
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| Limitations to Visual Acuity | |
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| Imperfect Human Vision | |
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| Correction of Vision by Eyeglasses, Contact Lenses, and Other Means | |
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| Types of Vision Impairment | |
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| Connections to Visual Perception | |
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| Vision in Other Animals | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Electrical and Magnetic Properties | |
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| Review of Electrical Properties | |
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| Electrical Properties of Body Tissues | |
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| Electrical Conduction through Blood and Tissues | |
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| Nerve Conduction | |
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| Cell Membranes and Ion Distributions | |
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| Types of Cell Membrane Excitations | |
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| Model of Electrical Conduction along an Axon | |
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| Ion Channels, Hair Cells, Balance, Taste, and Smell | |
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| Electrical Properties of the Heart | |
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| Electrical Signals in the Brain | |
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| Effects of Electric Shock | |
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| Magnetic Properties | |
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| Magnetic Field from an Axon | |
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| Magnetic Sense | |
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| Electromagnetic Waves | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Feedback and Control | |
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| Basics of Feedback and Control | |
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| Control Theory (Advanced Topic) | |
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| Regulation of the Body | |
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| Regulation of Temperature | |
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| Control of Blood Pressure | |
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| Regulation During Exercise | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| Symbols and Units | |
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| Locator of Major Anatomical and Anthropometric Information | |
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| Differential Equations | |
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| Simple First- and Second-Order Differential Equations | |
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| Exponential Decay and Drag | |
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| Harmonic Oscillator | |
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| Partial Differential Equations | |
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| Similar Model Systems | |
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| Distributed vs. Lumped Models: Electrical Analogs of Blood Flow (Advanced Topic) | |
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| Biophysics of the Human Body | |
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| Solutions | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |