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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Brief Survey of Atmospheric Radiation | |
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| A Broadbrush Picture of the Atmospheric Radiation Budget | |
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| Solar and Terrestrial Thermal Infrared Spectra in a Cloudless Atmosphere | |
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| The Greenhouse Effect | |
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| Relevance to the Interpretation of Spaceborne Observations | |
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| Notation and Math Refresher | |
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| Physical Dimensions and Prefixes | |
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| Some Rules and Conventions | |
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| Vector Algebra Brief | |
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| Major Vector Operations | |
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| Use of Index Notation | |
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| Dirac �5-Function | |
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| Geometry | |
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| Directions | |
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| Solid Angle | |
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| Angle between Two Directions | |
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| Orthogonal Functions | |
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| Legendre Polynomials | |
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| Legendre Functions | |
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| Quadrature Formula | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fundamentals | |
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| Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation | |
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| Maxwell's Equations and Plane-Wave Solutions | |
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| Wavelength, Frequency, Wavenumber, Dispersion Relation, and Phase Speed | |
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| Coherence, Incoherence, and Polarization | |
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| Wave-Particle Duality | |
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| Atmospheric EM Radiation Spectrum | |
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| Basic Radiometric Quantities | |
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| Radiant Energy Flux, Flux Density, and Radiance | |
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| Radiant Energy Density and Radiance | |
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| Irradiance, Emittance, Exitance, and Actinic Radiation | |
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| Relation between Upward, Downward, and Net Actinic Flux Densities and Radiance | |
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| Isotropic Radiation Field | |
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| Reflectivity, Absorptivity, and Transmissivity | |
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| Blackbody and Graybody Radiation: Basic Laws | |
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| Planck's Law | |
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| Wien's Displacement Law | |
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| Stefan-Boltzmann Law | |
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| Rayleigh-Jeans and Wien's Approximations | |
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| Emissivity and Kirchhof s Law | |
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| Problems | |
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| Interactions of EM Radiation and Individual Particles | |
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| Overview | |
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| Complex Index of Refraction | |
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| Decomposition of Electric Field Vector | |
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| Complex Amplitude Scattering Matrix | |
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| Stokes Vector | |
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| Degree of Polarization | |
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| Mueller Matrix | |
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| Optical Properties of Individual Particles | |
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| Optical Parameters | |
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| Optical Theorem | |
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| Spherical Particles (Lorenz-Mie Theory) | |
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| Assumptions and Goals | |
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| Efficiency Factors: Q<sub>ext,Mie</sub>, Q<sub>sca,Mie</sub>, Q<sub>abs,Mie</sub> | |
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| Single-Scattering Albedo:�<sub>Mie</sub> | |
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| Elements of the Complex Amplitude Scattering Matrix | |
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| Elements of the Mueller Matrix | |
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| Polarization | |
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| Phase Function for Unpolarized Incident Radiation: P<sub>unp,Mie</sub> | |
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| Asymmetry Factor: g<sub>unp,Mie</sub> | |
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| Rayleigh Scattering and Oscillating Electric Dipole | |
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| Amplitudes Scattering Matrix and Mueller Matrix | |
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| Degree of Polarization | |
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| Rayleigh Phase Function for Unpolarized Incident Radiation: P<sub>unp,Rayl</sub> | |
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| Scattering Cross Section and Efficiency Factor | |
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| Extinction and Absorption Cross Sections and Efficiency Factors | |
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| Rayleigh Scattering as an Approximation of Lorenz-Mie Theory | |
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| Rayleigh Scattering in the Atmosphere | |
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| Scattering by Nonspherical Individual Particles | |
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| Analytical Approaches | |
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| Mueller Matrix | |
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| Phase Function | |
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| Integrated Optical Properties | |
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| Geometric-Optics Method for Light Scattering by Large Particles | |
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| Directional Changes Due to Reflection and Transmission (Refraction) at a Plane Interface: Snel's Law | |
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| The n<sup>2</sup> Law | |
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| Fresnel Formulas for Reflection and Transmission | |
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| Radiant Energy Changes for Transmission (Plane Interface) | |
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| Radiant Energy Changes for Reflection (Plane Interface) | |
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| Ray-Tracing Technique | |
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| Diffraction | |
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| Rainbow and Halo | |
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| Problems | |
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| Volumetric (Bulk) Optical Properties | |
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| Particle Size Distribution | |
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| Analytical Descriptions | |
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| Integrated Microphysical Parameters | |
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| Parameterizations | |
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| Volumetric (Bulk) Scattering, Absorption, and Extinction | |
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| Problems | |
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| Radiative Transfer Equation | |
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| Optical Thickness | |
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| Lambert-Bouguer Law | |
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| Differential and Exponential Forms | |
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| Application to Direct Solar Irradiance <sub>dir,�</sub> | |
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| General Formulation of the RTE | |
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| Spectral Photon Density Function | |
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| Radiative Transfer Equation in Scattering Media | |
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| Photon Budget Equation | |
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| 3D Time-Dependent and Stationary RTE for Total Radiance | |
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| 3D Stationary RTE for Diffuse Radiance | |
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| ID RTE for a Horizontally Homogeneous Atmosphere | |
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| Independent Variables | |
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| Standard Form of ID RTE for Diffuse Radiance | |
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| Downward Diffuse Radiance | |
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| Upward Radiance | |
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| Problems | |
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| Numerical and Approximate Solution Techniques for the RTE | |
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| Legendre and Fourier Expansions | |
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| Expansion of Phase Function in Terms of Legendre Polynomials | |
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| Truncation of Phase Function and Similarity Principle | |
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| Atmospheric Angular Coordinates | |
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| The Delta-M Method (DMM) and Delta-Fit Methods (DFM) | |
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| Fourier Expansions of Diffuse Radiance and Irradiance | |
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| Equations for Fourier Modes of Diffuse Radiance | |
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| Net Radiative Flux Density in a Nonabsorbing Atmosphere | |
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| Method of Successive Order of Scattering (MSOS) | |
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| Adding-Doubling Method (A-DM) | |
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| Simplified Example | |
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| Generalization for Radiances | |
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| Application to Flux Densities | |
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| Discrete Ordinate Method (DOM) | |
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| Spherical Harmonics Method (SHM) | |
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| Monte Carlo Method (MCM) | |
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| Basic Principle | |
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| Backward (Inverse) Monte Carlo Method (BMCM) | |
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| Two-Stream Approximation (TSA) | |
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| Classical Approach | |
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| TSA Based on RTE | |
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| Problems | |
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| Absorption and Emission by Atmospheric Gases | |
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| Interactions of Photons and Gas Molecules | |
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| Types of Molecular Energy E<sub>mol</sub> | |
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| Photon Absorption and Emission | |
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| Allowed Quantized Energies and Frequencies (Wavelengths) | |
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| Energy Level Probability in Thermal Equihbrium | |
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| Examples of Energy Transitions | |
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| Structure of Gas Molecules | |
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| Molecular Rotational Energy E<sub>n<sub>rot</sub></sub> | |
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| Molecular Vibrational Energy E<sub>n<sub>vib</sub></sub> | |
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| Line Spectra for Single-Atomic Gases | |
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| Molecular Electron Orbital Energy E<sub>n<sub>orb</sub></sub> | |
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| Line Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom | |
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| Molecular Absorption/Emission Line Spectra | |
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| Molecular Rotational Spectra | |
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| Ratio of Molecular Electron Orbital and Rotational Energies | |
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| Vibrational Spectra of Diatomic Molecules | |
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| Combined Molecular Vibration-Rotation Spectra | |
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| Examples of Atmospheric Gas Spectra | |
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| Three General Types of Spectra | |
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| Infrared (IR) - Combined Vibrational and Rotational Transitions | |
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| Near Infrared (NIR) to Visible (VIS) | |
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| Visible (VIS) to Ultraviolet (UV)-Electron Orbital Transitions | |
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| Approximations of Absorption/Emission line Shapes | |
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| Lorentz Line Shape of the Absorption Coefficient Collision Broadening | |
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| Thermal Doppler Line Shape | |
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| Voigt Line Shape-Combined Collision and Doppler Broadening | |
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| Spectral Transmissivity and Absorptivity | |
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| Weak-Line and Strong-Line Approximations | |
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| Line-By-Line Method (LBLM) | |
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| Band Models | |
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| Scaling Techniques for Inhomogeneous Path | |
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| The k-Distribution Method | |
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| The Correlated k-Distribution Method (CKDM) | |
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| Application of the CKDM to Satellite Remote Sensing | |
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| Problems | |
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| Terrestrial Radiative Transfer | |
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| Downward Spectral Radiation | |
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| Diffuse Downward Radiance I<sub>diff.�</sub><sup>↓</sup> | |
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| Diffuse Downward Irradiance F<sub>diff,�</sub><sup>↓</sup> | |
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| Upward Terrestrial Spectral Radiation | |
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| Diffuse Upward Radiance I<sub>diff,�</sub><sup>↑</sup> | |
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| Diffuse Upward Irradiance F<sub>diff,�</sub><sup>↑</sup> | |
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| Example of Simulated Spectra | |
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| Downward and Upward Radiances | |
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| Influence of Cirrus on Terrestrial Spectral Irradiance | |
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| Broadband Terrestrial Radiative Transfer | |
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| Impact of Cirrus on Irradiance | |
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| Radiative Cooling and Heating | |
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| Problems | |
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| Abbreviations, Symbols, and Constants | |
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| Acronyms | |
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| Subscripts and Superscripts | |
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| Greek Symbols | |
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| Latin Symbols | |
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| Physical Constants | |
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| Mathematical Constants | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |