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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Subject of the book | |
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| Building Physics | |
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| Definition | |
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| Criteria | |
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| Comfort | |
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| Health | |
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| Architecture and materials | |
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| Economy | |
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| Sustainability | |
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| Importance of Building Physics | |
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| History of Building Physics | |
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| Heat, air and moisture | |
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| Building acoustics | |
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| Lighting | |
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| Thermal comfort and indoor air quality | |
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| Building physics and building services | |
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| Building physics and construction | |
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| What about the Low Countries? | |
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| Units and symbols | |
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| Literature | |
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| Heat Transfer | |
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| Overview | |
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| Conduction | |
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| Conservation of energy | |
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| Fourier's laws | |
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| First law | |
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| Second law | |
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| Steady state | |
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| What is it? | |
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| One dimension: flat assemblies | |
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| Two dimensions: cylinder symmetric | |
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| Two and three dimensions: thermal bridges | |
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| Transient regime | |
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| What? | |
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| Flat assemblies, periodic boundary conditions | |
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| Flat assemblies, random boundary conditions | |
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| Two and three dimensions | |
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| Convection | |
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| Heat exchange at a surface | |
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| Convective heat transfer | |
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| Convection typology | |
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| Driving forces | |
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| Flow type | |
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| Calculating the convective surface film coefficient | |
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| Analytically | |
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| Numerically | |
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| Dimensional analysis | |
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| Values for the convective surface film coefficient | |
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| Flat assemblies | |
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| Cavities | |
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| Pipes | |
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| Radiation | |
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| What is thermal radiation? | |
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| Quantities | |
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| Reflection, absorption and transmission | |
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| Radiant surfaces or bodies | |
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| Black bodies | |
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| Characteristics | |
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| Radiant exchange between two black bodies: the view factor | |
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| Properties of view factors | |
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| Calculating view factors | |
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| Grey bodies | |
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| Characteristics | |
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| Radiant exchange between grey bodies | |
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| Coloured bodies | |
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| Practical formulae | |
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| Applications | |
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| Surface film coefficients and reference temperatures | |
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| Overview | |
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| Indoor environment | |
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| Outdoor environment | |
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| Steady state, one dimension: flat assemblies | |
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| Thermal transmittance and interface temperatures | |
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| Thermal resistance of a non ventilated, infinite cavity | |
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| Solar transmittance | |
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| Steady state, cylindrical coordinates: pipes | |
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| Steady state, two and three dimensions: thermal bridges | |
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| Calculation by the control volume method (CVM) | |
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| Practice | |
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| Steady state: windows | |
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| Steady state: building envelopes | |
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| Overview | |
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| Average thermal transmittance | |
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| Transient, periodic: flat assemblies | |
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| Heat balances | |
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| Transient, periodic: spaces | |
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| Assumptions | |
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| Steady state heat balance | |
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| Harmonic heat balances | |
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| Problems | |
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| Literature | |
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| Mass Transfer | |
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| Generalities | |
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| Quantities and definitions | |
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| Saturation degrees | |
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| Air and moisture transfer | |
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| Moisture sources | |
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| Air, moisture and durability | |
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| Link between mass and energy transfer | |
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| Conservation of mass | |
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| Air transfer | |
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| Overview | |
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| Air pressure differences | |
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| Wind | |
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| Stack effects | |
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| Fans | |
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| Air permeances | |
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| Air transfer in open-porous materials | |
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| Conservation of mass | |
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| Flow equation | |
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| Air pressures | |
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| One dimension: flat assemblies | |
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| Two and three dimensions | |
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| Air flow across permeable layers, apertures, joints, leaks and cavities | |
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| Flow equations | |
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| Conservation of mass: equivalent hydraulic circuit | |
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| Air transfer at building level | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Thermal stack | |
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| Large openings | |
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| Conservation of mass | |
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| Applications | |
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| Combined heat and air transfer | |
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| Open-porous materials | |
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| Air permeable layers, joints, leaks and cavities | |
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| Vapour transfer | |
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| Water vapour in the air | |
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| Overview | |
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| Quantities | |
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| Maximum vapour pressure and relative humidity | |
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| Changes of state in humid air | |
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| Enthalpy of humid air | |
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| Measuring air humidity | |
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| Applications | |
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| Water vapour in open-porous materials | |
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| Overview | |
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| Sorption isotherm and specific moisture ratio | |
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| Physics involved | |
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| Impact of salts | |
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| Consequences | |
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| Vapour transfer in the air | |
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| Vapour transfer in materials and assemblies | |
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| Flow equation | |
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| Conservation of mass | |
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| Vapour transfer by 'equivalent' diffusion | |
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| Vapour transfer by 'equivalent' diffusion and convection | |
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| Surface film coefficients for diffusion | |
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| Applications | |
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| Diffusion resistance of a cavity | |
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| Cavity ventilation | |
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| Water vapour balance in a space: surface condensation and drying | |
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| Moisture transfer | |
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| Overview | |
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| Moisture transfer in a pore | |
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| Capillarity | |
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| Water transfer | |
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| Vapour transfer | |
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| Moisture transfer | |
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| Moisture transfer in materials and assemblies | |
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| Transport equations | |
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| Conservation of mass | |
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| Starting, boundary and contact conditions | |
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| Remark | |
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| Simplifying moisture transfer | |
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| The model | |
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| Applications | |
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| Problems | |
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| Literature | |
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| Combined heat-air-moisture transfer | |
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| Overview | |
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| Material and assembly level | |
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| Assumptions | |
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| Solution | |
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| Conservation laws | |
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| Mass | |
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| Energy | |
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| Flow equations | |
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| Heat | |
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| Mass, air | |
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| Mass, moisture | |
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| Equations of state | |
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| Enthalpy/temperature, vapour saturation pressure/temperature | |
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| Relative humidity/moisture content | |
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| Suction/moisture content | |
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| Starting, boundary and contact conditions | |
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| Starting conditions | |
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| Boundary conditions | |
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| Contact conditions | |
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| Two examples of simplified models | |
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| Non hygroscopic, non capillary materials | |
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| Hygroscopic materials at low moisture content | |
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| Building level | |
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| Overview | |
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| Balance equations | |
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| Vapour | |
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| Air | |
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| Heat | |
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| Closing the loop | |
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| Hygric inertia | |
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| Generalities | |
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| Sorption-active thickness | |
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| Zone with one sorption-active surface | |
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| Zone with several sorption-active surfaces | |
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| Harmonic analysis | |
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| Consequences | |
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| Steady state | |
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| Transient | |
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| Problems | |
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| Literature | |
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| Postscript | |
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| Problems and Solutions | |