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| Principles and Concepts of Green Chemistry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sustainable Development and Green Chemistry | |
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| Green Engineering | |
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| Atom Economy | |
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| Atom Economic Reactions | |
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| Rearrangement Reactions | |
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| Addition Reactions | |
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| Atom Un-economic Reactions | |
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| Substitution Reactions | |
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| Elimination Reactions | |
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| Wittig Reactions | |
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| Reducing Toxicity | |
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| Measuring Toxicity | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Waste: Production, Problems, and Prevention | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Some Problems Caused by Waste | |
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| Sources of Waste from the Chemical Industry | |
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| Cost of Waste | |
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| Waste Minimization Techniques | |
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| The Team Approach to Waste Minimization | |
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| Process Design for Waste Minimization | |
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| Minimizing Waste from Existing Processes | |
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| On-site Waste Treatment | |
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| Physical Treatment | |
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| Chemical Treatment | |
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| Biotreatment Plants | |
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| Design for Degradation | |
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| Degradation and Surfactants | |
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| DDT | |
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| Polymers | |
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| Some Rules for Degradation | |
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| Polymer Recycling | |
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| Separation and Sorting | |
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| Incineration | |
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| Mechanical Recycling | |
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| Chemical Recycling to Monomers | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Measuring and Controlling Environmental Performance | |
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| The Importance of Measurement | |
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| Lactic Acid Production | |
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| Safer Gasoline | |
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| Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment | |
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| Four Stages of LCA | |
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| Carbon Footprinting | |
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| Green Process Metrics | |
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| Environmental Management Systems (EMS) | |
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| ISO 14001 | |
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| The European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) | |
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| Eco-Labels | |
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| Legislation | |
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| Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) | |
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| Reach | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Catalysis and Green Chemistry | |
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| Introduction to Catalysis | |
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| Comparison of Catalyst Types | |
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| Heterogeneous Catalysts | |
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| Basics of Heterogeneous Catalysis | |
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| Zeolites and the Bulk Chemical Industry | |
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| Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Fine Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries | |
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| Catalytic Converters | |
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| Homogeneous Catalysts | |
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| Transition Metal Catalysts with Phosphine or Carbonyl Ligands | |
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| Greener Lewis Acids | |
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| Asymmetric Catalysis | |
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| Phase Transfer Catalysis | |
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| Hazard Reduction | |
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| C-C Bond Formation | |
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| Oxidation using Hydrogen Peroxide | |
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| Biocatalysis | |
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| Photocatalysis | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Organic Solvents: Environmentally Benign Solutions | |
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| Organic Solvents and Volatile Organic Compounds | |
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| Solvent-free Systems | |
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| Supercritical Fluids | |
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| Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (scCO<sub>2</sub>) | |
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| Supercritical Water | |
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| Water as a Reaction Solvent | |
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| Water Based Coatings | |
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| Ionic Liquids | |
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| Ionic Liquids as Catalysts | |
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| Ionic Liquids as Solvents | |
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| Fluorous Biphase Solvents | |
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| Comparing Greenness of Solvents | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Renewable Resources | |
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| Biomass as a Renewable Resource | |
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| Energy | |
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| Fossil Fuels | |
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| Energy from Biomass | |
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| Solar Power | |
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| Other Forms of Renewable Energy | |
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| Fuel Cells | |
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| Chemicals from Renewable Feedstocks | |
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| Chemicals from Fatly Acids | |
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| Polymers from Renewable Resources | |
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| Some Other Chemicals from Natural Resources | |
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| Alternative Economies | |
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| Syngas Economy | |
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| Hydrogen Economy | |
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| Biorefinery | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Emerging Greener Technologies and Alternative Energy Sources | |
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| Design for Energy Efficiency | |
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| Photochemical Reactions | |
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| Advantages of and Challenges Faced by Photochemical Processes | |
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| Examples of Photochemical Reactions | |
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| Chemistry using Microwaves | |
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| Microwave Heating | |
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| Microwave-assisted Reactions | |
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| Sonochemistry | |
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| Sonochemistry and Green Chemistry | |
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| Electrochemical Synthesis | |
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| Examples of Electrochemical Synthesis | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Designing Greener Processes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Conventional Reactors | |
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| Batch Reactors | |
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| Continuous Reactors | |
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| Inherently Safer Design | |
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| Minimization | |
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| Simplification | |
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| Substitution | |
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| Moderation | |
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| Limitation | |
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| Process Intensification | |
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| Some PI Equipment | |
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| Some Example of Intensified Processes | |
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| In-process Monitoring | |
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| Near-infrared Spectroscopy | |
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| Process Safety | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Industrial Case Studies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Methyl Methacrylate | |
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| Greening of Acetic Acid Manufacture | |
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| EPDM Rubbers | |
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| Vitamin C | |
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| Leather Manufacture | |
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| Tanning | |
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| Fatliquoring | |
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| Dyeing to be Green | |
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| Some Manufacturing Improvements | |
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| Dye Application | |
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| Polyethylene | |
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| Radical Process | |
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| Ziegler-Natta Catalysis | |
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| Metallocene Catalysis | |
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| Post Metallocene Catalysts | |
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| Eco-friendly Pesticides | |
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| Insecticides | |
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| Epichlorohydrin | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| The Future's Green: An Integrated Approach to a Greener Chemical Industry | |
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| Society and Sustainability | |
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| Barriers & Drivers | |
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| Role of Legislation | |
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| Green Chemical Supply Strategies | |
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| Greener Energy | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Subject Index | |