| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Attachment and Caregiving | |
| |
| |
| |
| What is Attachment? | |
| |
| |
| An evolutionary perspective | |
| |
| |
| The attachment behavioural system | |
| |
| |
| Activation and termination of attachment behaviour | |
| |
| |
| The development of attachment | |
| |
| |
| Internal working models of attachment representations | |
| |
| |
| Interplay between attachment and other behavioural systems | |
| |
| |
| The exploratory behavioural system and the secure base | |
| |
| |
| A safe or secure have | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Classifications of Attachment | |
| |
| |
| Organised attachments | |
| |
| |
| Disorganised attachment | |
| |
| |
| From disorganised to controlling attachment behaviour | |
| |
| |
| An alternative classification | |
| |
| |
| The distribution of attachment patterns | |
| |
| |
| Stability or predictability of attachment patterns | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| What are the Factors Influencing Attachment Organisation (and Disorganisation)? | |
| |
| |
| The contribution of caregiving to attachment organisation | |
| |
| |
| What is caregiving? | |
| |
| |
| Empirical evidence for the role of the caregiver in determining organisation (or disorganisation) of attachment security | |
| |
| |
| The role of the child's temperament and genetic factors in influencing attachment organisation | |
| |
| |
| Temperament factors | |
| |
| |
| Attachment and autism | |
| |
| |
| Specific genes | |
| |
| |
| The intergenerational transmission of attachment | |
| |
| |
| The link between parental state of mind with respect to attachment and infant security | |
| |
| |
| The link between parental state of mind with respect to attachment and parental sensitive responsiveness (B) | |
| |
| |
| The link between parental sensitive responsiveness and infant attachment security (C) | |
| |
| |
| The transmission gap | |
| |
| |
| Bridging the transmission gap | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Affectional Bonds and Attachment Figures | |
| |
| |
| What are affectional bonds? | |
| |
| |
| How is an attachment figure defined? | |
| |
| |
| Are professional child-carers attachment figures? | |
| |
| |
| How are the representations of multiple attachment figures structured? | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Is Attachment Theory Valid across Cultures? | |
| |
| |
| Ainsworth's Uganda study | |
| |
| |
| The Gusii of Kenya | |
| |
| |
| The Dogon of Mali | |
| |
| |
| The Israeli Kibbutzim | |
| |
| |
| The Hausa of Nigeria | |
| |
| |
| The !Kung San of Botswana | |
| |
| |
| The Efe or Pygmies of Zambia | |
| |
| |
| The academic debate | |
| |
| |
| Comments | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Assessments of Attachment and Caregiving | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Attachment | |
| |
| |
| Caregiving | |
| |
| |
| Structure for presentation of assessments | |
| |
| |
| Glossary of research and statistical terms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Assessments of Attachment | |
| |
| |
| Assessments of attachment based on observation of the child's behaviour | |
| |
| |
| Separation-reunion procedure | |
| |
| |
| Q-sort methodology | |
| |
| |
| Assessments of attachment based on the child's internal working model/representation | |
| |
| |
| Picture response tasks | |
| |
| |
| Narrative Story Stem techniques (NSSTs) | |
| |
| |
| Interview techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
| Assessments of Caregiving | |
| |
| |
| Assessments based on observations of caregiving | |
| |
| |
| Maternal Sensitivity Scales | |
| |
| |
| The CARE-Index | |
| |
| |
| Atypical Maternal Behavior Instrument for Assessment and Classification (AMBIANCE) | |
| |
| |
| Caregiver Behavior Classification System | |
| |
| |
| Assessments/ measures of caregiving based on the caregiver's internal working model/ representation of caregiving or relationship with the child | |
| |
| |
| Parent Development Interview (PDI) | |
| |
| |
| Experiences of Caregiving Interview | |
| |
| |
| |
| Correlates of Attachment Organisation with Functioning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Which Domains of Functioning are Hypothesised to be Correlated with Attachment and What are the Possible Pathways of its Influence? | |
| |
| |
| Which domains of functioning are hypothesised to be correlated with attachment? | |
| |
| |
| What are the possible pathways of the influence of attachment? | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evidence for Correlations between Attachment Security/Insecurity and the Child's Functioning | |
| |
| |
| Research issues | |
| |
| |
| The evidence | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| What is Attachment Disorder? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Two Versions of Attachment Disorder | |
| |
| |
| International classifications | |
| |
| |
| Another version | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Research on Attachment Disorder | |
| |
| |
| Issues regarding research methods | |
| |
| |
| The evidence | |
| |
| |
| Young children in residential nurseries in the UK and their later development | |
| |
| |
| Children from Romanian orphanages adopted in Canada | |
| |
| |
| Deprived children from Romania adopted in the UK | |
| |
| |
| Children living in residential nurseries in Bucharest | |
| |
| |
| US children in high-risk populations and maltreated children | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Attachment Disorder | |
| |
| |
| No discriminated attachment figure | |
| |
| |
| The nature of the difference between inhibited and disinhibited RAD | |
| |
| |
| Alternative criteria for disorders of attachment | |
| |
| |
| Disorganised and inhibited RAD | |
| |
| |
| Reactive attachment disorder in children over the age of 5? | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Attachment Theory-based Interventions (and Some that are Not) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evidence-based Interventions: Enhancing Caregiver Sensitivity | |
| |
| |
| Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn and Juffer (2003) 'Less is more: meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood' | |
| |
| |
| Cohen et al. (1999) 'Watch, wait and wonder: testing the effectiveness of a new approach to mother-infant psychotherapy' | |
| |
| |
| van den Boom (1994) 'The influence of temperament and mothering on attachment and exploration: an experimental manipulation of sensitive responsiveness among lower-class mothers with irritable infants' | |
| |
| |
| van den Boom (1995) 'Do first-year intervention effects endure? Follow-up during toddlerhood of a sample of Dutch irritable infants' | |
| |
| |
| Benoit et al. (2001) 'Atypical maternal behavior toward feeding-disordered infants before and after intervention' | |
| |
| |
| Toth et al. (2002) 'The relative efficacy of two interventions in altering maltreated preschool children's representational models: implications for attachment theory' | |
| |
| |
| Marvin et al. (2002) 'The Circle of Security project: attachment-based intervention with caregiver-preschool dyads' | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evidence-based Interventions: Change of Caregiver | |
| |
| |
| Rushton and Mayes (1997) 'Forming fresh attachments in childhood: a research update' | |
| |
| |
| Dozier et al. (2001) 'Attachment for infants in foster care: the role of caregiver state of mind' | |
| |
| |
| Steele et al. (2003a) 'Attachment representations and adoption: associations between maternal states of mind and emotion narratives in previously maltreated children' | |
| |
| |
| Hodges et al. Changes in attachment representations over the first year (Hodges et al. 2003b) and second year (Hodges et al. 2005) of adoptive placement: narratives of maltreated children | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interventions with No Evidence Base | |
| |
| |
| Direct intervention with the child | |
| |
| |
| 'Attachment therapy' | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conclusions Regarding Interventions | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Subject Index | |
| |
| |
| Author Index | |
| |
| |
| About FOCUS | |