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Preface | |
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How to Use This Book | |
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What Is Social Psychology? | |
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A Definition of Social Psychology | |
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The Scientific Study of the Effects of Social and Cognitive Processes on the Way Individuals Perceive, Influence, and Relate to Others | |
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Historical Trends and Current Themes in Social Psychology | |
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Social Psychology Becomes an Empirical Science | |
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Social Psychology Splits From General Psychology Over What Causes Behavior | |
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The Rise of Nazism Shapes the Development of Social Psychology | |
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Growth and Integration | |
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How the Approach of This Book Reflects an Integrative Perspective | |
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Two Fundamental Axioms of Social Psychology | |
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Three Motivational Principles | |
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Three Processing Principles | |
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Common Processes, Diverse Behaviors | |
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Plan of the Book | |
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Summary | |
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Asking and Answering Research Questions | |
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A Note to the Student on How to Use This Chapter | |
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Research Questions and the Role of Theory | |
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Origins of Research Questions | |
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What is a Scientific Theory? | |
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Testing Theories: From Theory to Research | |
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Construct Validity and Approaches to Measurement | |
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Internal Validity and Types of Research Design | |
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External Validity and Research Populations and Settings | |
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Evaluating Theories: The Bottom Line | |
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The Role of Ethics and Values in Research | |
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Being Fair to Participants | |
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Being Helpful to Society | |
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Concluding Comments | |
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Summary | |
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Perceiving Individuals | |
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Forming First Impressions: Cues, Interpretations, and Inferences | |
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The Raw Materials of First Impressions | |
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Interpreting Cues | |
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Characterizing the Behaving Person: Correspondent Inferences | |
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When Is a Correspondent Inference Justified? | |
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Beyond First Impressions: Systematic Processing | |
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Causal Attributions | |
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Using Attributions to Correct First Impressions | |
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Putting It All Together: Forming Complex Impressions | |
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The Accuracy of Considered Impressions | |
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The Impact of Impressions: Using, Defending, and Changing Impressions | |
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Impressions and Judgments | |
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Defending Impressions | |
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Dealing with Inconsistent Information | |
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Concluding Comments | |
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Summary | |
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The Self | |
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Constructing the Self-Concept: What We Know About Ourselves | |
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Sources of the Self-Concept | |
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Learning About Self and Others: The Same or Different? | |
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Multiple Selves | |
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Putting It All Together: Constructing a Coherent Self-Concept | |
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Cultural Differences in the Self-Concept | |
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Constructing Self-Esteem: How We Feel About Ourselves | |
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Balancing Accurate Self-Knowledge and Self-Enhancement | |
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Evaluating Personal Experiences: Some Pain but Mainly Gain | |
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Social Comparisons: Better or Worse Than Others? | |
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Why Self-Enhance? | |
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Self-Esteem in Cultural Context | |
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Effects of the Self: Processes of Self-Regulation | |
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The Self and Thoughts About Ourselves and Others | |
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The Self and Emotions: for Me or Against Me? | |
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The Self in Action: Regulating Behavior | |
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Temptations and Other Threats to Self-Regulation | |
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Taking Accounts of Other People's Standards | |
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Defending the Self: Coping with Stresses, Inconsistencies, and Failures | |
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Threats to the Well-Being of the Self | |
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Defending Against Threat: Emotion-Focused Coping | |
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Attacking Threat Head-On: Problem-Focused Coping | |
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How to Cope?Concluding Comments | |
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Summary | |
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Perceiving Groups | |
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Targets of Prejudice: Social Groups | |
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Social Categorization: Dividing the World into Social Groups | |
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Forming Impressions of Groups: Establishing Stereotypes | |
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The Content of Stereotypes | |
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Seeking the Motives behind Stereotyping | |
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Motives for Forming Stereotypes: Mastery through Summarizing Personal Experiences | |
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Motives for Forming Stereotypes: Connectedness to Other | |
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Moving for Forming Stereotypes: Justifying Inequalities | |
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Using Stereotypes: From Preconceptions to Prejudice | |
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Activation of Stereotypes | |
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Measuring Stereotypes and Prejudice | |
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Impact of Stereotypes on Judgments and Actions | |
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Trying to Overcome Stereotype Effects | |
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Beyond Simple Activation: Effects of Stereotypes on Consi | |