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| Preface | |
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| List of Tables | |
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| List of Figures | |
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| List of Plates | |
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| Foundations | |
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| History and Scope of Remote Sensing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Milestones in the History of Remote Sensing | |
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| Overview of the Remote Sensing Process | |
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| A Specific Example | |
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| Key Concepts of Remote Sensing | |
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| Career Preparation and Professional Development | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Electromagentic Radiation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
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| Major Divisions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
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| Radiation Laws | |
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| Interactions with the Atmosphere | |
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| Interactions with Surfaces | |
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| Summary: Three Models for Remote Sensing | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Image Acquisition | |
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| Photographic Sensors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Aerial Camera | |
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| Kinds of Aerial Cameras | |
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| Black-and-White Aerial Films | |
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| Color Reversal Films | |
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| Color Infrared Films | |
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| Film Format and Annotation | |
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| Geometry of the Vertical Aerial Photograph | |
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| Coverage by Multiple Photographs | |
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| Photogrammetry | |
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| Digital Photography | |
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| Softcopy Photogrammetry | |
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| Sources of Aerial Photography | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Your Own Infrared Photographs | |
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| Your Own 3D Photographs | |
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| Digital Data | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Electronic Imagery | |
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| Spectral Sensitivity | |
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| Digital Data | |
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| Data Formats | |
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| Equipment for Digital Analysis | |
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| Image-Processing Software | |
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| The Internet | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Image Interpretation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Context for Image Interpretation | |
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| Image Interpretation Tasks | |
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| Elements of Image Interpretation | |
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| Image Interpretation Strategies | |
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| Collateral Information | |
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| Imagery Interpretability Rating Scales | |
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| Image Interpretation Keys | |
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| Interpretive Overlays | |
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| Photomorphic Regions | |
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| Significance of Context | |
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| Image Interpretation Equipment | |
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| Use of the Pocket Stereoscope | |
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| Image Scale Calculations | |
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| Interpretation of Digital Imagery | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Land Observation Satellites | |
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| Satellite Remote Sensing | |
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| Landsat Origins | |
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| Satellite Orbits | |
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| The Landsat System | |
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| Multispectral Scanner Subsystem Images | |
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| Landsat Thematic Mapper | |
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| Administration of the Landsat Program | |
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| Current Satellite Systems | |
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| Computer Searches | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Corona | |
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| Active Microwave | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Active Microwave | |
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| Geometry of the Radar Image | |
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| Wavelength | |
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| Penetration of the Radar Signal | |
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| Polarization | |
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| Look Direction and Look Angle | |
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| Real Aperture Systems | |
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| Synthetic Aperture Systems | |
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| Interpreting Brightness Values | |
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| Satellite Imaging Radars | |
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| Radar Interferometry | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Lidar | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Profiling Lasers | |
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| Imaging Lidars | |
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| Lidar Imagery | |
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| Types of Imaging Lidars | |
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| Processing Lidar Image Data | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Thermal Radiation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Thermal Detectors | |
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| Thermal Radiometry | |
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| Microwave Radiometers | |
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| Thermal Scanners | |
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| Thermal Properties of Objects | |
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| Geometry of Thermal Images | |
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| The Thermal Image and Its Interpretation | |
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| Heat Capacity Mapping Mission | |
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| Landsat Multispectral Scanner and Thematic Mapper Thermal Data | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Image Resolution | |
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| Introduction and Definitions | |
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| Target Variables | |
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| System Variables | |
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| Operating Conditions | |
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| Measurement of Resolution | |
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| Mixed Pixels | |
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| Spatial and Radiometric Resolution: Simple Examples | |
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| Interactions with the Landscape | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Analysis | |
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| Preprocessing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Feature Extraction | |
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| Subsets | |
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| Radiometric Preprocessing | |
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| Image Matching | |
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| Geometric Correction by Resampling | |
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| Map Projections for Representing Satellite Images and Ground Tracks | |
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| Effects of Preprocessing | |
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| Data Fusion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Image Classification | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Informational Classes and Spectral Classes | |
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| Unsupervised Classification | |
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| Supervised Classification | |
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| Ancillary Data | |
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| Fuzzy Clustering | |
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| Artificial Neural Networks | |
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| Contextual Classification | |
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| Object-Oriented Classification | |
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| Iterative Guided Spectral Class Rejection | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Field Data | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Kinds of Field Data | |
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| Nominal Data | |
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| Documentation of Nominal Data | |
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| Biophysical Data | |
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| Field Radiometry | |
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| Aerial Data Collection | |
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| Locational Information | |
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| Using Locational Information | |
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| Ground Photography | |
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| Geographic Sampling | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Accuracy Assessment | |
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| Definition and Significance | |
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| Sources of Classification Error | |
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| Error Characteristics | |
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| Measurement of Map Accuracy | |
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| Interpretation of the Error Matrix | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Hyperspectral Remote Sensing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Spectroscopy | |
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| Hyperspectral Remote Sensing | |
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| The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer | |
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| The Image Cube | |
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| Spectral Libraries | |
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| Spectral Matching | |
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| Spectral Mixing Analysis | |
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| Spectral Angle Mapping | |
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| Analyses | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Applications | |
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| Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| GIS Software | |
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| Basic Data Structures | |
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| Relationships between Remotely Sensed Data and GIS | |
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| Contributions of GIS to Remote Sensing | |
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| Contributions of Remote Sensing to GIS | |
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| National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis | |
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| Mobile GIS | |
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| Web-Based GIS | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Plant Sciences | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Structure of the Leaf | |
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| Spectral Behavior of the Living Leaf | |
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| Forestry | |
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| Agriculture | |
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| Vegetation Indices | |
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| Applications of Vegetation Indices | |
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| Phenology | |
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| Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer | |
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| Broad-Scale Phenological Survey | |
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| Separating Soil Reflectance from Vegetation Reflectance | |
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| Tasseled Cap Transformation | |
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| Foliar Chemistry | |
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| Lidar Data for Forest Inventory and Structure | |
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| Precision Agriculture | |
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| Remote Sensing for Plant Pathology | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Earth Sciences | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Photogeology | |
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| Drainage Patterns | |
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| Lineaments | |
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| Geobotany | |
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| Direct Multispectral Observation of Rocks and Minerals | |
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| Photoclinometry | |
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| Band Ratios | |
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| Soil and Landscape Mapping | |
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| Integrated Terrain Units | |
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| Wetlands Inventory | |
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| Radar Imagery for Exploration | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Hydrospheric Sciences | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Spectral Characteristics of Water Bodies | |
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| Spectral Changes as Water Depth Increases | |
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| Location and Extent of Water Bodies | |
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| Roughness of the Water Surface | |
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| Bathymetry | |
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| Landsat Chromaticity Diagram | |
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| Drainage Basin Hydrology | |
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| Evapotranspiration | |
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| Manual Interpretation | |
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| Sea Surface Temperature | |
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| The Marine Food Chain | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Land Use and Land Cover | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Aerial Imagery for Land-Use Information | |
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| Land-Use Classification | |
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| Visual Interpretation of Land Use and Land Cover | |
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| Land-Use Change by Visual Interpretation | |
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| Historical Land-Cover Interpretation for Environmental Analysis | |
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| Other Land-Use Classification Systems | |
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| Land-Cover Mapping by Image Classification | |
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| Digital Compilation of Land-Use Change | |
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| Broad-Scale Land-Cover Studies | |
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| Sources of Compiled Land-Use Data | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Global Remote Sensing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Biogeochemical Cycles | |
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| Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer | |
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| Earth Observing System | |
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| Earth Observing System Instruments | |
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| Earth Observing System Bus | |
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| Earth Observing System Data and Information System | |
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| Long-Term Environmental Research Sites | |
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| Earth Explorer | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Conclusion: The Outlook for the Field of Remote Sensing | |
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| Index | |
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| About the Author | |