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| Acknowledgments | |
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| How Pipelines Differ | |
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| Crude Oil Pipelines | |
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| Refined Products Pipelines | |
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| Natural Gas Pipelines | |
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| Pipeline Customers | |
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| The First Leg | |
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| Creating Nostalgia | |
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| Enter Competition | |
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| Oily Beginnings | |
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| Gaseous Progress | |
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| Endeavor and Technology | |
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| Disturbed Interests | |
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| The Russians | |
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| Separate Ways | |
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| Expansion | |
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| The Great Offshore | |
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| Diversity | |
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| Shifting Sands | |
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| References | |
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| How Pipelines Work | |
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| The Physics of Fluid Flow | |
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| Municipal Water Systems | |
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| Friction Losses, Pipe Lengths, and Flow Rates | |
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| Splitting flows | |
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| Hydraulic Properties of Hydrocarbon Fluids | |
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| Measures and dimensions | |
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| Density | |
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| Viscosity | |
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| Pour point | |
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| Vapor pressure and evaporation | |
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| Pressure | |
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| Compressibility | |
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| Why gases behave that way | |
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| Hydraulics | |
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| Basic Flow Principles and Equations | |
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| The First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Bernoulli's equation | |
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| Flow characteristics | |
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| Friction loss | |
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| Elevation loss (or gain) | |
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| Flow rates and capacities | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Oil Pipeline Operations | |
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| Crude Oil Lines-a Brief Review | |
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| Refined Products Lines-a Brief Review | |
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| Field Operations to Central Control Room | |
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| Crude oil receipt and delivery field operations | |
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| Refined products receipt and delivery field operations | |
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| Central Control Room Operations | |
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| Planning and scheduling operations | |
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| The scheduler's role | |
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| The controller's role | |
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| Hydraulic concepts-practical applications in mainline operations | |
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| The Control Room | |
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| Routine operations | |
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| Abnormal operations | |
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| Operator Training | |
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| References | |
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| Natural Gas Pipeline Operations | |
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| Natural Gas Lines-a Brief Review | |
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| Gathering lines | |
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| Gas processing plants | |
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| Receipts from LNG facilities | |
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| Pipeline hubs | |
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| From Field Operations to Central Control Room Operations | |
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| Natural gas field operations | |
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| Natural gas delivery operations | |
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| Central Control Rooms | |
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| Planning and scheduling operations | |
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| Monitoring and controlling the pipeline | |
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| Hydraulic concepts-optimizing line operation | |
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| Routine operations | |
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| Quality control | |
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| Abnormal operations | |
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| Operator Training | |
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| References | |
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| Petrochemical and LPG Pipeline Operations | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Product Characteristics | |
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| C4 products | |
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| C3 products | |
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| C2 products | |
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| Compressibility | |
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| Leak Detection | |
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| Measurement | |
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| Quality | |
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| Commissioning and Decommissioning | |
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| Freezing temperatures | |
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| Storage | |
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| Hydraulics | |
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| Addendum-Supercritical Fluids | |
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| Offshore Pipelines | |
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| Line Design | |
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| Installing Subsea Pipelines | |
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| The boon and bane of buoyancy | |
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| Laying pipe | |
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| S-lay | |
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| J-lay | |
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| Reel barge | |
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| Tow-in | |
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| Bottom Conditions | |
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| Risers | |
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| Attached risers | |
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| Pull tubes | |
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| Steel catenary riser | |
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| Top-tensioned risers | |
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| Riser tower | |
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| Flexible risers | |
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| ROVs | |
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| SCADA, Controls, and Leak Detection | |
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| SCADA | |
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| Design and Control | |
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| Human versus computer decision making | |
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| Local or central control | |
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| Manual or automated | |
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| Communications | |
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| Human machine interface | |
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| Real-time operating data | |
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| Configuration tool | |
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| Application interface | |
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| Historic database | |
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| Amount of data to gather | |
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| Update frequency | |
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| Update process | |
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| Corrupted data | |
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| Indicators, alarms, and alarm filtering | |
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| SCADA performance | |
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| Data sharing | |
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| Reports and logs | |
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| Security | |
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| SCADA in summary | |
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| Local SCADA | |
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| Leak Detection | |
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| Leaks and releases | |
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| Leak detection systems | |
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| Leak detection methods | |
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| Internal systems | |
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| External systems | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Maintenance | |
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| What Causes Releases? | |
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| Equipment damage | |
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| Corrosion | |
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| Mechanical failures | |
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| Natural hazards | |
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| Other causes of failures | |
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| How to Prevent Damage | |
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| Equipment damage | |
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| Corrosion | |
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| Mechanical failures | |
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| Natural hazards | |
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| Other causes of failure | |
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| Finding Potential Problems before They Become Failures | |
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| Internal inspection devices | |
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| Hydrostatic testing | |
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| Electrical surveys | |
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| Direct assessment | |
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| Risk and Pipeline Safety | |
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| Consequences | |
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| Probabilities | |
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| Framework for considering risk | |
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| Data | |
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| Integrity Management Plan | |
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| Repairs | |
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| Replacing the pipe | |
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| Reinforcing the pipe | |
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| Grinding to reduce stress concentrations | |
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| Deposited weld metal | |
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| Coating repairs | |
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| Other Maintenance Activities | |
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| Line lowering | |
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| ROW maintenance | |
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| Cathodic maintenance | |
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| Maintenance pigging | |
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| References | |
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| Investment Decisions | |
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| Why Are They Built? | |
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| Who Decides to Build? | |
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| How Is the Decision Made? | |
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| Demand and supply | |
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| Economics | |
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| Ownership Changes | |
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| Master Limited Partnerships | |
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| Determining the Purchase and Sales Price | |
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| Economic value | |
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| Comparable sales | |
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| Highest and best use | |
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| Reconstruction cost new | |
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| Book value | |
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| Major Components and How They Work | |
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| Pipe | |
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| Manufacturing methods | |
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| Properties of pipe | |
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| Nonferrous pipe | |
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| Coatings | |
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| Fusion bond epoxy | |
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| Coal tar | |
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| Plastics | |
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| Tapes | |
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| Shrink sleeves | |
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| Concrete coating | |
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| Fittings and Flanges | |
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| Fittings | |
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| Flanges | |
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| Valves | |
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| Gate valves | |
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| Ball valves | |
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| Plug valves | |
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| Check valves | |
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| Globe valves | |
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| Pressure relief valves | |
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| Actuators | |
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| Pumps and Compressors | |
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| Positive displacement pumps and compressors | |
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| Centrifugal compressors and pumps | |
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| Prime Movers | |
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| Engines | |
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| Electric motors | |
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| Turbines | |
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| Variable Speed Devices | |
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| Mechanical VSDs | |
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| Electrical variable frequency drives | |
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| Meters | |
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| Positive displacement meters | |
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| Turbine meters | |
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| Orifice meters | |
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| Ultrasonic meters | |
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| Coriolis meters | |
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| Provers | |
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| Pipe provers | |
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| Master meters | |
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| Other Components | |
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| References | |
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| Engineering and Design | |
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| Safety Considerations | |
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| Route Selection | |
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| Line Size, Wall Thickness, and Looping | |
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| Engineering aspects of friction loss | |
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| Systems Curves | |
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| Fittings, Flanges, and Valves | |
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| Wall Thickness and Grade of Pipe | |
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| Looping | |
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| Pump, Compressor, and Prime Mover Selection | |
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| Pump selection | |
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| Compressor selection | |
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| Prime mover selection | |
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| Flow and Pressure Control | |
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| Natural gas | |
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| Oil | |
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| Number of Stations | |
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| Station Location | |
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| Storage | |
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| Location of oil storage | |
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| Number and size of oil tanks | |
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| Location of natural gas storage | |
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| Natural gas storage management | |
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| Operating storage | |
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| Seasonal storage | |
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| Station Design and Layout | |
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| Compressor and pump stations | |
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| Delivery stations | |
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| Storage fields and tank farms | |
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| Ancillary station equipment | |
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| Additional Design Considerations | |
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| Crossings | |
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| Block valves | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| |
| |
| Construction | |
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| |
| Permitting | |
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| |
| Contracting and Procurement | |
| |
| |
| ROW and Land Acquisition | |
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| |
| Inspection | |
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| |
| Staking the Line | |
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| |
| Pipeline Construction Spreads | |
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| |
| Preparing the ROW | |
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| |
| Stringing | |
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| |
| Welding | |
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| |
| Weld Inspection | |
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| |
| Trenching | |
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| |
| Lowering In | |
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| Backfilling | |
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| |
| Bends, Crossings, and Tie-Ins | |
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| Bends | |
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| Crossings | |
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| Tie-ins | |
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| Quality Control | |
| |
| |
| Cleaning and Sizing | |
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| |
| Hydrostatic Testing | |
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| |
| Commissioning | |
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| |
| Station Construction | |
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| |
| Cleanup and Restoration | |
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| |
| Handoff for Operations | |
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| |
| Documentation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Satisfying Stakeholders | |
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| |
| Introduction | |
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| Stakeholders | |
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| Owners | |
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| Customers | |
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| Landowners and neighbors | |
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| Governments | |
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| Nongovernmental organizations | |
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| Interested citizens | |
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| Industry | |
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| Suppliers and contractors | |
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| Competitors | |
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| Employees | |
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| Media | |
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| Balancing Needs and Wants | |
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| Safety | |
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| Supply | |
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| Other wants | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| |
| References | |
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| Abbreviations and Acronyms | |
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| Index | |