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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| The Disease, The Virus, and its History | |
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| The Oldest of Scourges and the Most Devastating | |
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| A Case of Smallpox | |
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| The Virus | |
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| How long can the smallpox virus survive? | |
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| Smallpox in Ancient Times | |
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| Smallpox Becomes Endemic | |
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| Smallpox and the Settlement of the New World | |
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| Early Protection against Smallpox | |
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| Variolation | |
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| Jenner's Vaccine | |
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| Needed-A Better Vaccine | |
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| Calves become vaccinia factories | |
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| Better distribution-door-to-door cows | |
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| A heat-stable vaccine | |
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| A Second Form of Smallpox | |
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| Smallpox Begins to Lose Ground | |
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| The World Decides to Eradicate Smallpox | |
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| The Beginning of the Eradication Saga | |
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| 1953: A Global Eradication Program Is Proposed-and Rejected | |
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| 1958: The Soviet Union Makes a New Proposal to Eradicate Smallpox | |
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| Mission Impossible? | |
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| The US Communicable Disease Center Becomes Engaged with Smallpox | |
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| Concerns about vaccine complications | |
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| The United States Offers to Support a West Africa Program- A Startling Development | |
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| The Director-General Challenges the 1966 Assembly | |
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| Creating A Global Program | |
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| A Program in Its Infancy | |
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| Countries, Fiefdoms, and Short-Circuiting the Bureaucracy | |
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| The Creation of the Program Budget | |
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| How Many Smallpox Cases? | |
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| The Realities of Executing a Simple, Two-Part Strategy | |
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| Mass-vaccination strategy | |
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| Surveillance and containment-a new component | |
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| Availability of Vaccine-An Apparently Soluble Problem Is Anything But | |
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| Vaccination Techniques-There Have to Be Better Ways | |
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| Communication-Conflict and Controversy | |
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| Off and on the World Health Assembly agendas | |
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| Three reporting systems become one | |
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| A surveillance report threatens the whole program | |
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| Diplomatic Challenges-The Cold War and Other Problems | |
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| Yet Another Problem-Obtaining a Competent Staff | |
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| Results a Transformation | |
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| Where to Begin? A Tale of Two Countries-Brazil and Indonesia | |
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| Stonewalling | |
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| The Brazilian Program-A Regrettable Saga | |
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| Vaccine problems | |
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| Surveillance-containment saves the day | |
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| The program staggers to a finish | |
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| A last regrettable chapter-certifying eradication in South America | |
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| Indonesia-A Remarkable Achievement with Few Resources | |
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| Certification of Eradication-A Serious Effort Is Made | |
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| Africa-A Formidable and Complicated Challenge | |
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| An Early Start in West Africa | |
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| Surveillance-containment is renamed "Eradication-Escalation" | |
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| Smallpox Is Eradicated from Africa's Two Largest Countries | |
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| Zaire-major epidemic center at the heart of Africa | |
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| Sudan-a smallpox-free country becomes infected | |
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| Eastern Africa-A Mass-Vaccination Achievement | |
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| Southern Africa | |
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| The Botswana debacle | |
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| The Lessons of Africa | |
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| India and Nepal-A Natural Home of Endemic Smallpox | |
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| An Ambitious National Program Is Created-1962 | |
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| The Program Nearly Collapses-1967-1969 | |
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| A Resurrection of the Program-1970 | |
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| An Unexpected Catastrophe in West Bengal-Refugees from East Pakistan-1971 | |
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| The "Final Phase"-Target Zero-Delusional Optimism-1972 | |
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| The Ultimate Strategy-1973 | |
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| The Darkest Days of All-January to June 1974 | |
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| Yet another catastrophe | |
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| A Summer Program-1974 | |
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| Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh-The last stronghold of Variola Major | |
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| Afghanistan | |
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| Pakistan (West Pakistan Province before December 1971) | |
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| Bangladesh: The End of Variola Major | |
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| A renewed eradication program begins-1968 | |
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| Civil war-March 1971 | |
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| Reinfection-December 1971 | |
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| The epidemic spreads-1972 | |
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| The disaster of November 1973 and recovery | |
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| Bulldozers, floods, and famine trigger yet another disaster-1974 | |
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| One Last Disaster-1975 | |
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| Ethiopia and Somalia-The Last Countries with Smallpox | |
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| Ethiopia | |
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| Troubles in beginning the program | |
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| The tip of the iceberg-1971-1972 | |
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| Disaster: drought, famine, hordes of refugees-1974 | |
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| Floods, fighting, and unexpected news-1975 | |
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| Somalia: An Epidemic That Should Never Have Happened | |
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| Smallpox before 1975 | |
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| Growing suspicions | |
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| Smallpox uncovered in Mogadishu-September 1976 | |
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| Lies, cover-ups, and secret records | |
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| The Last Case | |
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| Smallpox-Post-Eradication | |
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| Eradication-What Does It Mean and How Do We Define It? | |
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| Surveillance and Search | |
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| A routine reporting system | |
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| Special searches | |
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| Rumor registries | |
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| International Commissions | |
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| Global Certification of Smallpox Eradication | |
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| The World Health Assembly-1980 | |
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| Post-Eradication | |
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| The book and the archives | |
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| Monkeypox-a potential threat? | |
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| Reserve stocks of vaccine | |
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| Laboratories retaining stocks of smallpox virus | |
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| To Destroy or To Retain the Remaining Stocks of Smallpox Virus | |
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| The initial steps toward smallpox virus destruction | |
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| Objections to virus destruction | |
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| The January 1995 executive board is blocked from taking action | |
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| Attempts to reconcile an impasse | |
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| The executive board and the World Health Assembly-1996 and onward | |
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| Smallpox as a Biological Weapon | |
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| Biological Warfare-The Emerging Threat | |
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| The Soviet Union's secret-a massive bioweapons program | |
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| The Soviet bioweapons legacy-who else might have the smallpox virus? | |
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| An Ill-Prepared United States Awakens to a Threat | |
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| A symposium changes minds | |
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| An expert "working group" | |
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| From working group to a center | |
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| The Center for Civilian Biodefense Studies | |
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| The "Dark Winter" Exercise | |
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| New Challenges-Post-September 11 | |
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| How to Deal with a Smallpox Epidemic | |
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| The vaccine production miracle | |
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| The Office of Public Health Emergency Preparedness | |
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| Let's Vaccinate Everyone! | |
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| A national vaccination program starts and collapses | |
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| Smallpox on the International Scene | |
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| Atlantic Storm-a reminder that smallpox is not to be forgotten | |
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| Lessons and Legacies of Smallpox Eradication | |
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| The Siren Song of Eradication | |
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| The Legacy of the Smallpox Eradication Program | |
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| An Expanded Program on Immunization Begins | |
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| A paradigm for EPI-the program in Latin America | |
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| New Horizons in Public Health | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Sources | |
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| Index | |