| |
| |
| Introduction: John of Salisbury History of the Text Analysis of the Metalogicon Sources Latin of the Metalogicon Historical Position | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The false accusation that has evoked this rejoinder to Cornificius | |
| |
| |
| |
| A description of Cornificius, without giving his name | |
| |
| |
| |
| When, how, and by whom Cornificius was educated | |
| |
| |
| |
| The lot of his companions in error | |
| |
| |
| |
| What great men that tribe dares to defame, and why they do this | |
| |
| |
| |
| The arguments on which Cornificius bases his contention | |
| |
| |
| |
| Praise of Eloquence | |
| |
| |
| |
| The necessity of helping nature by use and exercise | |
| |
| |
| |
| That one who attacks logic is trying to rob mankind of eloquence | |
| |
| |
| |
| What "logic" means, and how we should endeavor to acquire all arts that are not reprobate | |
| |
| |
| |
| The nature of art, the various hinds of innate abilities, and the fact that natural talents should be cultivated and developed by the arts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why some arts are called "liberal" | |
| |
| |
| |
| Whence grammar gets its name | |
| |
| |
| |
| Although it is not natural, grammar imitates nature | |
| |
| |
| |
| That adjectives of secondary application should not be copulated with nouns of primary application, as in the example "a patronymic horse" | |
| |
| |
| |
| That adjectives of primary origin are copulated with nouns of primary application | |
| |
| |
| |
| That grammar also imitates nature in poetry | |
| |
| |
| |
| What grammar should prescribe, and what it should forbid | |
| |
| |
| |
| That a knowledge of figures [of speech] is most useful | |
| |
| |
| |
| with what the grammarian should concern himself | |
| |
| |
| |
| By what great men grammar has been appreciated, and the fact that ignorance of this art is as much a handicap in philosophy as is deafness and dumbness | |
| |
| |
| |
| That Cornificius invokes the authority of Seneca to defend his erroneous contentions | |
| |
| |
| |
| The chief aids to philosophical inquiry and the practice of virtue; as well as how grammar is the foundation of both philosophy and virtue | |
| |
| |
| |
| Practical observations on reading and lecturing, together with [an account of] the method employed by Bernard of Chartres and his followers | |
| |
| |
| |
| A short conclusion concerning the value of grammar | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Because its object is to ascertain the truth, logic is a valuable asset in all fields of philosophy | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Peripatetic school, and the origin and founder of logic | |
| |
| |
| |
| That those who would philosophize should be taught logic. Also the distinction between demonstrative, probable, and sophistical logic | |
| |
| |
| |
| What dialectic is, and whence it gets its name | |
| |
| |
| |
| The subdivisions of the dialectical art, and the objective of logicians | |
| |
| |
| |
| That all seek after logic, yet not all are successful in their quest | |
| |
| |
| |
| That those who are verbal jugglers of irrelevant nonsense must first be disabused of their erring ways before they can come to know anything | |
| |
| |
| |
| If they had but heeded Aristotle, he would have prevented them from going to extremes | |
| |
| |
| |
| That dialectic is ineffective when it is divorced from other studies | |
| |
| |
| |
| On whose authority the foregoing and following are based | |
| |
| |
| |
| The limited extent of the efficacy of dialectic by itself | |
| |
| |
| |
| The subject mater of dialectic, and the means it uses | |
| |
| |
| |
| The tremendous value of a scientific knowledge of probable principles; and the difficulties involved in determining what principles are absolutely necessary | |
| |
| |
| |
| More on the same subject | |
| |
| |
| |
| What is a dialectical proposition, and what a dialectical problem | |
| |
| |
| |
| That all other teachers of this art [of dialectic] acknowledge Aristotle as their master | |
| |
| |
| |
| In what a pernicious manner logic is sometimes taught; and the ideas of moderns about [the nature of] genera and species | |
| |
| |
| |
| That men always alter the opinions of their predecessors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wherein teachers of this kind are not to be forgiven | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aristotle's opinion concerning genera and species, supported by numerous confirmatory reasons and references to written works | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| How one should lecture on Porphyry and other books | |
| |
| |
| |
| The utility of the Categories, and [some remarks concerning] their instruments | |
| |
| |
| |
| What is the scope of the predicaments, and with what the prudent moderation of those who philosophize should rest content | |
| |
| |
| |
| The scope and usefulness of the Periermenie [Interpretation], or more correctly of the Periermenias | |
| |
| |
| |
| What constitutes the body of the art, and [some remarks on] the utility of the book of the Topics | |
| |
| |
| |
| The utility and scope of the [first] three books of the Topics | |
| |
| |
| |
| A brief account of the fourth and fifth books [of the Topics] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Of definition, the subject of the sixth book [of the Topics] | |
| |
| |
| |
| The problem of identity and diversity, which is treated in the seventh book; together with some general observations concerning the Topics | |
| |
| |
| |
| The utility of the eighty book [of the Topics] | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The book of the Analytics examines reasoning | |
| |
| |
| |
| The universal utility of this sciences [of the Analytics], and the etymology of its title | |
| |
| |
| |
| The book's utility does not include the provision of rhetorical expression | |
| |
| |
| |
| The scope of the first book [of the Analytics] | |
| |
| |
| |
| The scope of the second book] [of the Analytics] | |
| |
| |
| |
| The difficulty of the Posterior Analytics, and whence this [difficulty] proceeds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why Aristotle has come to be called "the philosopher" par excellence | |
| |
| |
| |
| The [proper] function of demonstrative logic, as well as the sources and techniques of demonstration. Also the fact that sensation is the basis of science, and how this is true | |
| |
| |
| |
| What sensation is, and how it, together with imagination, is the foundation of every branch of philosophy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Imagination, and the fact that it is the source of affections that either compose and order, or disturb and deform the soul | |
| |
| |
| |
| The nature of imagination, together with remarks on opinion. Also how opinion and sensation may be deceived, and the origin of fronesis, which we call "prudence" | |
| |
| |
| |
| The nature, subject matter, and activities of prudence; and how science originates from sensation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The difference between "science" and "wisdom," and what is "faith" | |
| |
| |
| |
| The relationship of prudence and truth, the origins of prudence, and the nature of reason | |
| |
| |
| |
| More about what reason is; as well as the fact that the word "reason" has several different meanings; and that reasons are everlasting | |
| |
| |
| |
| A distinction of various meanings [of the word "reason"], and the fact that brute animals do not possess reason, even though they may seem to have discernment. Also the origin of human reason according to the Hebrews | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reason's function; why sensation, which reason supervises, is situated in the head; and who are philology's servants | |
| |
| |
| |
| The distinction between reason and [intuitive] understanding, and the nature of the latter | |
| |
| |
| |
| The nature of wisdom, and the fact that, with the help of grace, wisdom derives [originally] from sense perception | |
| |
| |
| |
| The cognition, simplicity, and immortality of the soul, according to Cicero | |
| |
| |
| |
| Although Aristotle has not sufficiently discussed hypothetical [conditional] reasoning in the foregoing books, he has, as it were, sowed seed for such a treatment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sophistry and its utility | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Sophistical Refutations | |
| |
| |
| |
| A word about those who disparage the works of Aristotle | |
| |
| |
| |
| The fact that Cornificius is even more contemptible than Bromius, the buffoon of the gods. Also how Augustine and other philosophers praise logic | |
| |
| |
| |
| What tactics we should employ against Cornificius, and [other like] perverse calumniators [of logic] | |
| |
| |
| |
| Although he has been mistaken on several points, Aristotle is preeminent in logic | |
| |
| |
| |
| How logic should be employed | |
| |
| |
| |
| That the temerity of adolescence should be restrained; why eloquence weds philology; and what should be our main objectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| The fact that philology precedes its two sisters. Also what investigation by categories is appropriate in a discussion of reason and truth | |
| |
| |
| |
| The nature of original reason, and some observations concerning philosophical sects | |
| |
| |
| |
| What is opposed to reason, and the fact that the word "reason" has several different senses, as well as that reasons are eternal | |
| |
| |
| |
| The imperfection of human reason; and the fact that the word "true" has various senses | |
| |
| |
| |
| The etymology of the word uerum ["true"], the nature of truth, and what is contrary to truth, and what is contrary to truth | |
| |
| |
| |
| More about truths, and the fact that things, words, and truths are said to exist in different ways, with an explanation of the latter | |
| |
| |
| |
| The difference between things that are true and things that only seem to be true, according to the Platonists | |
| |
| |
| |
| That things, opinions, and speech are called "true" or "false" in different senses; and why such expressions are called "modal" | |
| |
| |
| |
| The intimate connection between reason and truth, with a brief explanation concerning the nature of each | |
| |
| |
| |
| A continuation of the aforesaid [discussion]. Also the fact that neither reason nor truth have contraries | |
| |
| |
| |
| The proper aim of the Peripatetics, as well as of all who philosophize correctly, and the eight obstacles to understanding | |
| |
| |
| |
| [Untitled] [The limitations of reason and the function of faith] | |
| |
| |
| |
| How the fact that the world is subject to vanity is confirmed by visible proofs, and why this book is now concluded | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index | |