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| Introduction | |
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| Fundamentals of MPLS | |
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| The Evolution of MPLS | |
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| Definition of MPLSPre-MPLS Protocols | |
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| Benefits of MPLS Bogus Benefit | |
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| The Use of One Unified Network Infrastructure Better IP over ATM Integration | |
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| BGP-Free Core | |
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| Peer-to-Peer VPN Model Versus Overlay VPN Model0 | |
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| Overlay VPN Model0 | |
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| Peer-to-Peer VPN Model Optimal Traffic Flow | |
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| Traffic Engineering | |
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| History of MPLS in Cisco IOS Tag Switching to MPLS | |
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| MPLS Applications | |
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| Summary | |
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| Chapter Review Questions | |
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| MPLS Architecture | |
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| Introducing MPLS Labels | |
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| Label Stacking Encoding of MPLS | |
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| MPLS and the OSI Reference Model | |
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| Label Switch Router | |
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| Label Switched Path | |
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| Forwarding Equivalence Class | |
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| Label Distribution Piggyback the Labels on an Existing IP | |
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| Routing Protocol | |
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| Running a Separate Protocol for Label | |
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| Distribution Label | |
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| Distribution with LDP | |
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| Label Forwarding Instance Base | |
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| MPLS Payload | |
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| MPLS Label Spaces | |
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| Different MPLS Modes | |
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| Label Distribution Modes | |
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| Label Retention Modes | |
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| LSP Control Modes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Chapter Review Questions | |
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| Forwarding Labeled Packets | |
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| Forwarding of Labeled Packets | |
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| Label Operation | |
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| IP Lookup Versus Label | |
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| Lookup Load Balancing Labeled Packets Unknown Label | |
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| Reserved Labels | |
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| Implicit NULL Label | |
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| Explicit NULL Label | |
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| Router Alert Label | |
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| OAM Alert Label | |
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| Unreserved Labels | |
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| TTL Behavior of Labeled Packets | |
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| TTL Behavior in the Case of IP-to-Label or Label-to-IP | |
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| TTL Behavior in the Case of Label-to-Label TTL Expiration | |
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| MPLS MTU | |
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| MPLS | |
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| MTU Command Giant and Baby Giant Frames | |
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| Giant Frames on Switches | |
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| MPLS Maximum Receive Unit | |
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| Fragmentation of MPLS Packets | |
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| Path MTU Discovery | |
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| Summary | |
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| Chapter Review Questions | |
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| Label Distribution Protocol | |
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| LDP Overview | |
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| LDP Operation | |
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| The Discovery of LSRs That Are Running LDP | |
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| LDP Session Establishment and Maintenance | |
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| Number of LDP Sessions | |
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| Advertising of Label Mappings | |
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| Label Withdrawing Housekeeping by Means of Notification | |
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| Targeted LDP Session | |
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| LDP Authentication | |
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| Controlling the Advertisement of Labels via LDP | |
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| MPLS LDP Inbound Label Binding Filtering | |
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| LDP Autoconfiguration | |
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| MPLS LDP-IGP Synchronization | |
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| How MPLS LDP-IGP Synchronization | |
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| Works MPLS | |
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| LDP-IGP Synchronization Configuration | |
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| MPLS LDP Session Protection | |
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| Summary | |
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| Chapter Review Questions | |
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| MPLS and ATM Architecture | |
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| Brief Introduction to ATM | |
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| Label Encoding | |
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| Label Advertisement Downstream-on-Demand Label | |
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| Advertisement LDP Control Mode for ATM | |
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| LDP for LC-ATM Label Space Loop Detection by LDP | |
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| Loop Detection by Hop Count TLV | |
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| TTL Manipulation Loop Detection by Path Vector TLV | |
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| LDP Address Messages Blocking Label Requests | |
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| Aggregate Labels | |
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| VC-Merge | |
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| Non MPLS-Aware ATM Switches | |
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| Label Switch Controller | |
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| Multi-Virtual Circuit Tagged Bit Rate MPLS CoS | |
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| Frame Mode ATM | |
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| Reducing the Number of LVCs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Chapter Review Questions | |
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| Cisco Express Forwarding | |
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| Overview of Cisco IOS Switching Methods | |
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| Process Switching | |
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| Fast Switching | |
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| CEF Switching | |
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| Why Is CEF Needed in MPLS Networks? | |
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| What Are the Components of CEF? | |
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| The Adjacency Table The CEF Table | |
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| Operation of CEF | |
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| Distributed CEF (DCEF) | |
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| CEF Switching Packets in Hardware | |
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| Load Balancing in CEF | |
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| Unequal Cost Load Balancing | |
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| Labeling IP Packets by CEF | |
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| Load Balancing Labeled Packets | |
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| Troubleshooting CEF | |
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| Summary | |
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| Chapter Review Questions | |
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| Advanced MPLS Topics | |
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| MPLS VPN | |
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| Introduction to MPLS VPN | |
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| Definition of a VPN | |
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| VPN Models | |
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| MPLS VPN Model | |
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| Architectural Overview of MPLS VPN | |
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| Virtual Routing Forwarding RD RTs | |
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| VPNv4 Route Propagation in the MPLS | |
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| VPN Network Packet Forwarding in an MPLS | |
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| VPN Network BGP | |
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| BGP Multiprotocol Extensions and Capabilities | |
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| BGP Extended Community: RT VPNv4 Routes BGP | |
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| Carrying the Label RRs | |
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| RR Group | |
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| BGP Route Selection | |
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| BGP Multipath | |
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| Using Multiple RDs | |
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| Packet Forwarding | |
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| PE-CE Routing Protocols | |
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| Connected Routes | |
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| Static Routing RIP Version 2 OSPF | |
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| OSPF VRF Configuration | |
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| OSPF Metric Propagation BGP Extended Communities for OSPF | |
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| OSPF Network Design Sham Link Down Bit and Domain Tag EI | |
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| GRP Configuration | |
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| Pre-Bestpath POI EI | |
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| GRP PE-CE with Backdoor Links | |
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| IS-IS eBGP Autonomous System Override allowas-in | |
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| Hub-and-Spoke | |
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| SOOVRF Access | |
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| Internet Access | |
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| Internet in a VPN | |
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| Internet Access Through the Global Routing Table | |