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| The material of multivariate analysis | |
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| Examples of multivariate data | |
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| Preview of multivariate methods | |
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| The multivariate normal distribution | |
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| Computer programs | |
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| Graphical methods | |
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| Chapter summary | |
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| References | |
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| Matrix algebra | |
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| The need for matrix algebra | |
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| Matrices and vectors | |
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| Operations on matrices | |
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| Matrix inversion | |
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| Quadratic forms | |
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| Eigenvalues and eigenvectors | |
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| Vectors of means and covariance matrices | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Chapter summary | |
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| References | |
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| Displaying multivariate data | |
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| The problem of displaying many variables in two dimensions | |
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| Plotting index variables | |
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| The draftsman's plot | |
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| The representation of individual data points | |
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| Profiles of variables | |
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| Discussion and further reading | |
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| Chapter summary | |
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| References | |
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| Tests of significance with multivariate data | |
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| Simultaneous tests on several variables | |
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| Comparison of mean values for two samples: the single variable case | |
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| Comparison of mean values for two samples: the multivariate case | |
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| Multivariate versus univariate tests | |
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| Comparison of variation for two samples: the single-variable case | |
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| Comparison of variation for two samples: the multivariate case | |
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| Comparison of means for several samples | |
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| Comparison of variation for several samples | |
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| Computer programs | |
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| Chapter summary | |
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| Exercise | |
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| References | |
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| Measuring and testing multivariate distances | |
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| Multivariate distances | |
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| Distances between individual observations | |
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| Distances between populations and samples | |
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| Distances based on proportions | |
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| Presence-absence data | |
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| The Mantel randomization test | |
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| Computer programs | |
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| Discussion and further reading | |
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| Chapter summary | |
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| Exercise | |
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| References | |
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| Principal components analysis | |
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| Definition of principal components | |
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| Procedure for a principal components analysis | |
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| Computer programs | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Chapter summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Factor analysis | |
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| The factor analysis model | |
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| Procedure for a factor analysis | |
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| Principal components factor analysis | |
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| Using a factor analysis program to do principal components analysis | |
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| Options in analyses | |
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| The value of factor analysis | |
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| Computer programs | |
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| Discussion and further reading | |
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| Chapter summary | |
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| Exercise | |
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| References | |
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| Discriminant function analysis | |
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| The problem of separating groups | |
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| Discrimination using Mahalanobis distances | |
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| Canonical discriminant functions | |
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| Tests of significance | |
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| Assumptions | |
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| Allowing for prior probabilities of group membership | |
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| Stepwise discriminant function analysis | |
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| Jackknife classification of individuals | |
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| Assigning of ungrouped individuals to groups | |
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| Logistic regression | |
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| Computer programs | |
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| Discussion and further reading | |
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| Chapter summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Cluster analysis | |
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| Uses of cluster analysis | |
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| Types of cluster analysis | |
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| Hierarchic methods | |
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| Problems of cluster analysis | |
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| Measures of distance | |
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| Principal components analysis with cluster analysis | |
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| Computer programs | |
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| Discussion and further reading | |
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| Chapter summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Canonical correlation analysis | |
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| Generalizing a multiple regression analysis | |
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| Procedure for a canonical correlation analysis | |
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| Tests of significance | |
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| Interpreting canonical variates | |
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| Computer programs | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Chapter summary | |
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| Exercise | |
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| References | |
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| Multidimensional scaling | |
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| Constructing a map from a distance matrix | |
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| Procedure for multidimensional scaling | |
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| Computer programs | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Chapter summary | |
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| Exercise | |
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| References | |
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| Ordination | |
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| The ordination problem | |
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| Principal components analysis | |
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| Principal coordinates analysis | |
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| Multidimensional scaling | |
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| Correspondence analysis | |
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| Comparison of ordination methods | |
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| Computer programs | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Chapter summary | |
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| Exercise | |
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| References | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| The next step | |
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| Some general reminders | |
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| Missing values | |
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| References | |
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| Computer packages for multivariate analyses | |
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| References | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |