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| Background | |
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| A Chance Discovery | |
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| The First Controlled Study | |
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| Further Clinical and Experimental Observations | |
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| Shift in Paradigm | |
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| Adaptive Information Processing | |
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| Theoretical Convergences | |
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| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | |
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| Psychodynamic Approaches | |
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| Behavioral Approaches | |
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| Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches | |
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| Integrative Approach | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Adaptive Information Processing: The Model as a Working Hypothesis | |
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| Information Processing | |
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| Dual Attention Stimulation | |
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| Memory Networks | |
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| A Sample EMDR Session | |
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| Partial Transcript of the Sample Session | |
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| Evaluation of the Sample Session | |
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| Dysfunctional to Functional | |
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| Disparate Neuro Networks | |
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| Applications of EMDR to Other Disorders | |
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| Static Experience: Affect and Belief Statements | |
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| Resolution | |
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| Frozen in Childhood | |
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| "Time-Free" Psychotherapy | |
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| Targets | |
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| Access Restricted to Negative Material | |
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| Memory Lapses | |
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| Dissociation | |
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| Integrated Psychotherapy | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Components of EMDR Treatment and Basic Treatment Effects | |
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| Basic Components of the EMDR Procedure | |
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| The Image | |
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| The Negative Cognition | |
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| The Positive Cognition | |
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| The Emotions and Their Level of Disturbance | |
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| The Physical Sensations | |
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| Activating the Information-Processing System | |
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| Eye Movements | |
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| Alternative Forms of Stimulation | |
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| The Eight Phases of EMDR Treatment | |
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| Client History and Treatment Planning | |
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| Preparation | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Desensitization | |
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| Installation | |
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| Body Scan | |
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| Closure | |
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| Reevaluation | |
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| Standard Three-Pronged EMDR Protocol | |
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| Choosing a Target | |
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| Patterns of Response | |
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| Multimemory Associative Processing | |
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| The Belief Inherent in the Trauma | |
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| The Major Participant or Perpetrator | |
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| The Pronounced Stimuli | |
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| The Specific Event | |
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| The Dominant Physical Sensations | |
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| The Dominant Emotions | |
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| Single-Memory Processing Effects | |
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| Changes in Image | |
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| Changes in Sounds | |
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| Changes in Cognitions | |
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| Changes in Emotions | |
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| Changes in Physical Sensation | |
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| Differential Effects | |
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| Supervised Practice | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Phase One: Client History | |
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| Client Readiness | |
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| Client Safety Factors | |
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| Level of Rapport | |
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| Emotional Disturbance | |
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| Stability | |
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| Life Supports | |
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| General Physical Health | |
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| Office Consultation versus Inpatient Treatment | |
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| Neurological Impairment | |
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| Epilepsy | |
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| Eye Problems | |
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| Drug and Alcohol Abuse | |
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| Legal Requirements | |
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| Systems Control | |
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| Secondary Gains | |
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| Timing | |
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| Medication Needs | |
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| Dissociative Disorders | |
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| Treatment Planning | |
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| History-Taking Transcript | |
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| Supervised Practice | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Phases Two and Three: Preparation and Assessment | |
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| Preparation | |
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| Adopting a Clinical Stance | |
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| Forming a Bond with the Client | |
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| Explaining the Theory | |
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| Testing the Eye Movements | |
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| Creating a Safe Place | |
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| Describing the Model | |
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| Setting Expectations | |
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| Addressing Client Fears | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Selecting the Picture | |
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| Identifying the Negative Cognition | |
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| Developing a Positive Cognition | |
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| Rating the Validity of Cognition | |
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| Naming the Emotion | |
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| Estimating the Subjective Units of Disturbance | |
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| Identifying Body Sensations | |
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| Importance of the Components | |
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| Supervised Practice | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Phases Four to Seven: Desensitization, Installation, Body Scan, and Closure | |
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| Accelerated Reprocessing of the Memory | |
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| Desensitization | |
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| Associative Processing | |
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| Imagery | |
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| New Memory | |
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| Image Changes | |
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| Incident Unfolds | |
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| Appearance Changes | |
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| Sounds and Thoughts | |
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| Negative Statements | |
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| Mismatches | |
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| Positive Thoughts | |
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| Insights | |
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| Sensation and Affect | |
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| New Emotions | |
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| Shifting Sensations | |
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| Assessment | |
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| Installation | |
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| Body Scan | |
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| Closure | |
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| Visualization | |
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| Safety Assessment | |
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| Debriefing and Log | |
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| Supervised Practice | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Working with Abreaction and Blocks | |
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| Abreaction | |
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| Guidelines for Facilitating Abreaction | |
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| If Abreaction Persists | |
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| Strategies for Blocked Processing | |
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| Primary Target | |
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| Altering the Eye Movement | |
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| Focusing on Body Sensation | |
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| All Sensation | |
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| The Primary Sensation | |
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| Unspoken Words | |
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| Using Movement | |
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| Pressing the Location | |
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| Scanning | |
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| Visual Cues | |
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| Sound Effects | |
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| Dialogue | |
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| Alterations | |
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| Appearance of Image | |
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| No Action | |
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| Hierarchy | |
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| Redirecting to Image | |
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| Redirecting to Negative Cognition | |
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| Adding a Positive Statement | |
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| Checking the Positive Cognition | |
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| Return to Target | |
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| Ancillary Targets | |
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| Feeder Memories | |
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| Blocking Beliefs | |
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| Fears | |
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| Fear of Going Crazy | |
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| Fear of Losing the Good Memories | |
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| Fear of Change | |
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| Wellsprings of Disturbance | |
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| Supervised Practice | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Phase Eight: Reevaluation and Use of the EMDR Standard Three-Pronged Protocol | |
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| Reevaluation | |
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| The Standard EMDR Protocol | |
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| Working on the Past | |
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| Single-Target Outcome | |
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| Recycling through Multiple Targets | |
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| Primary Events | |
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| Past Events | |
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| Progressions | |
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| Clusters | |
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| Participants | |
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| Working on the Present | |
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| Using the Log to Report Systems Issues | |
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| Working on the Future | |
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| Significant People | |
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| Significant Situations | |
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| Incorporating a Positive Template | |
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| Concluding Therapy | |
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| Follow-Up | |
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| Terminating Therapy | |
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| Supervised Practice | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Protocols and Procedures for Special Situations | |
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| The 11-Step Standard Procedure | |
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| Protocol for a Single Traumatic Event | |
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| Protocol for Current Anxiety and Behavior | |
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| Protocol for Recent Traumatic Events | |
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| Protocol for Phobias | |
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| Protocol for Excessive Grief | |
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| Protocol for Illness and Somatic Disorders | |
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| Self-Directed Use of Eye Movement Sets for Stress Reduction | |
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| Caveats and Suggestions | |
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| Technical Considerations | |
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| Self-Control/Closure Procedures | |
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| Safe-Place Imagery | |
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| Taped Visualizations | |
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| The Light-Stream Technique | |
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| Vertical Eye Movements | |
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| Debriefing and Safety Assessment | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| The Cognitive Interweave: A Proactive Strategy for Working with Challenging Clients | |
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| Foundation of the Interweave | |
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| Responsibility, Safety, and Choices | |
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| Fitting the Intervention to the Client | |
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| Interweave Choices | |
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| New Information | |
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| "I'm Confused" | |
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| "What If It Were Your Child?" | |
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| Metaphor/Analogy | |
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| "Let's Pretend" | |
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| Socratic Method | |
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| Assimilation | |
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| Verbalizations and Actions | |
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| Education | |
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| Supervised Practice | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Selected Populations | |
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| Issues of Noncompliance | |
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| Children | |
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| Concrete Definitions of Feelings | |
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| Holding the Child's Attention | |
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| Cognitions | |
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| Generalizing Treatment Effects | |
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| Creative Therapy | |
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| Couples | |
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| Early Sexual Abuse in a Marital Partner | |
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| Joint versus Individual Sessions | |
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| Infidelity | |
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| Sexual Abuse Victims | |
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| Appropriate Goals | |
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| Client Readiness | |
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| Structure | |
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| Integration | |
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| Information Plateaus | |
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| Emotional Stages | |
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| False Memory | |
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| Cautions Regarding Memory Work | |
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| Hypnosis | |
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| The Fallibility of Memory | |
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| Combat Veterans | |
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| Dealing with Feelings of Lack of Control | |
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| Secondary Gain Issues | |
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| Affiliation and the Fear of Forgetting | |
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| Dealing with Denial and Transition States | |
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| Dealing with Anger | |
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| Using the Cognitive Interweave | |
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| Anniversary Dates | |
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| Special Populations | |
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| Dissociative Disorders | |
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| Overall Evaluations | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| Theory, Research, and Clinical Implications | |
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| Theoretical Explanations | |
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| Procedural Elements | |
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| Interrupted Exposure | |
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| Perceived Mastery | |
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| Attention to Physical Sensation | |
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| Cognitive Reframing | |
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| Alignment of Memory Components | |
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| Free Association | |
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| Mindfulness | |
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| Eye Movements and Alternative Dual Attention Stimuli | |
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| Orienting Response | |
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| Distraction | |
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| Hypnosis | |
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| Cellular and Brain-Level Changes | |
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| Dream Sleep | |
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| Relaxation Response | |
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| Hemispheric Synchronization | |
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| Cortical Function | |
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| Integrative Effect | |
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| Controlled Research | |
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| General Scarcity of PTSD Treatment Studies | |
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| Suggested Criteria for Clinical Outcome Research | |
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| Method Validity | |
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| Selection of Psychometrics | |
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| Participant Selection | |
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| Comparative Research | |
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| Component Analyses | |
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| Civilian Studies | |
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| Studies of Combat Veterans | |
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| Methodological Problems in EMDR Outcome Studies | |
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| Treatment Fidelity and Protocol Adherence | |
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| Evaluation Tools | |
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| Treatment Time | |
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| The Comparison of EMDR and Other PTSD Treatments | |
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| Suggested Criteria for Comparative Clinical Outcome Studies | |
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| Diverse Clinical Applications | |
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| Weighting of Active Components | |
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| Component Analyses | |
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| Suggested Parameters for Component Analyses in Clinical Outcome Component Studies | |
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| A Review of Extant Clinical Component Analyses | |
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| The Utility of Single-Subject Design | |
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| Discerning Testable Hypotheses | |
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| Testing a Variety of Existing Hypotheses | |
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| Hypothesis Regarding the Autobiographical Nature of the Targeted Disturbance | |
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| Hypothesis Regarding the Etiological Nature of Memories | |
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| Hypothesis Regarding Orienting Response Mechanism | |
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| Hypothesis Regarding Bilateral Stimulation Mechanism | |
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| Hypothesis Regarding the Distractive Level of Stimuli | |
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| Hypothesis Regarding Free Association | |
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| Summary of Recommendations for Component Research | |
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| Broader Clinical and Professional Concerns | |
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| Inadequate Standards of Research and Review | |
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| Clinical Responsibility | |
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| Global Responsibility | |
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| Summary and Conclusions | |
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| References | |
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| Clinical Aids | |
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| EMDR Screening and Data Checklist | |
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| EMDR Treatment Planning Checklist | |
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| Recommended Format for Weekly Log Report | |
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| Selecting Negative and Positive Cognitions | |
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| List of Generic Negative and Positive Cognitions | |
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| EMDR Procedural Outline | |
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| Form for Identifying the EMDR Target | |
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| Form and Sequence for Floatback Technique to Identify Past Event | |
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| Guidelines and Procedures for EMDR Resource Development and Installation | |
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| Indications of a Need to Extend Client Preparation and Stabilization Phase | |
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| Characteristics and Types of Resources Appropriate for Resource Development and Installation | |
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| Prolonged Resource Development May Need to Precede EMDR-RDI Procedures | |
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| Precautions in Considering Resource Development and Installation | |
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| The Basic EMDR Resource Development and Installation Protocol | |
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| Use of Resource Development and Installation | |
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| Client Safety | |
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| EMDR Dissociative Disorders Task Force Recommended Guidelines: A General Guide to EMDR's Use in the Dissociative Disorders | |
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| Additional Training | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| EMDR Professional Issues Committee Recommended Guidelines | |
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| Client Welfare | |
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| Training | |
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| Professional Standards and Training Committee of the EMDR International Association | |
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| EMDR Resources | |
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| The EMDR International Association | |
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| EMDR Humanitarian Assistance Programs | |
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| Training Availability | |
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| The EMDR Institute | |
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| Diverse Clinical Application and Evaluation | |
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| Additional Protocols and Manualized Resources | |
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| The Adaptive Information Processing Model | |
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| Index | |