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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Temperature, Work, and Heat | |
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| Thermal Equilibrium and the Zero'th Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Empirical Temperature | |
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| Work and Heat; the First Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Reversible and Irreversible Processes | |
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| Magnetic Work | |
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| Enthalpy | |
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| Heat Capacity | |
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| Envoi | |
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| Problems | |
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| Macrostates and Microstates | |
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| Macrosystems, Microsystems, and Multiplicity | |
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| The Spin 1/2 Magnet | |
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| Multiplicity and Disorder | |
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| Envoi: Multiplicity in Other Systems | |
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| Problems | |
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| Entropy, Free Energy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| The Condition for Thermal Equilibrium | |
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| Entropy and the Second Law | |
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| Absolute Temperature | |
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| Negative Temperature | |
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| Entropy and Heat: Isentropic and Isothermal Processes | |
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| Entropy of Mixing | |
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| Free Energy | |
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| The Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation | |
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| Free Enthalpy (Gibbs Free Energy) | |
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| Adiabatic Processes | |
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| Irreversible Adiathermal Processes | |
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| The Third Law of Thermodynamics | |
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| Envoi | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Canonical Distribution: The Boltzmann Factor and the Partition Function | |
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| A System in Contact with a Heat Bath | |
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| The Boltzmann Factor and the Canonical Distribution | |
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| The Partition Function | |
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| The Many-Particle Partition Function | |
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| Examples of the Use of the Canonical Distribution | |
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| Fluctuations | |
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| Obtaining the Entropy and Free Energy from the Partition Function | |
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| Scaling of Energy and Temperature | |
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| Free Energy and Equilibrium | |
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| Thermally Activated Processes: Arrhenius' Law | |
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| Envoi | |
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| Problems | |
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| Continuous Energy Levels, the Density of States, and Equipartition | |
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| Density of States and the Partition Function for a Continuum | |
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| Density of States for a Single Free Particle: One Dimension | |
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| Density of States for a Single Particle: Two and Three Dimensions | |
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| Dimensional Derivation of the Density of States | |
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| Effect of Intermolecular Collisions | |
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| Energy and Partition Function of a Free Particle in Three Dimensions | |
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| Other Uses of the Density of States; Debye's Theory of the Heat Capacity of Solids | |
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| Equipartition | |
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| Brownian Motion | |
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| Electrical (Johnson) Noise | |
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| The Classical Partition Function: Orientational Multiplicity | |
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| Envoi | |
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| Problems | |
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| Systems with a Variable Number of Particles: The Chemical Potential | |
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| A System in Contact with a Particle Reservoir: Diffusive Equilibrium | |
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| The Chemical Potential | |
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| Free Enthalpy of a Multicomponent System | |
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| Electrochemical Potential | |
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| Probability of Occupancy: The Grand Partition Function | |
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| Chemical Potential and Free Energy | |
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| Fluctuations in Occupancy | |
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| Envoi | |
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| Problems | |
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| Perfect Gases | |
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| Distribution Functions | |
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| Fermions; The Fermi-Dirac Distribution | |
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| Bosons; the Bose-Einstein Distribution | |
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| The Ideal Monatomic Gas and the Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution | |
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| Envoi | |
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| Problems | |
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| Ideal Gases and Solutions | |
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| Ideal Monatomic Gases: Introduction | |
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| The Maxwell Distribution: Velocity Distribution in an Ideal Gas | |
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| Free Energy and Entropy of an Ideal Monatomic Gas; the Sackur-Tetrode Equation | |
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| Entropy of Mixing of Ideal Gases; Gibbs' Paradox | |
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| Particles with Internal Structure; Ideal Polyatomic Gases | |
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| Heat Capacity of an Ideal Gas at Constant Pressure | |
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| Isentropic Expansion of an Ideal Gas | |
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| The Ideal Gas as a Spring; the Velocity of Sound | |
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| Ideal Solutions and Osmotic Pressure | |
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| Envoi | |
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| Problems | |
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| Black Body Radiation and the Photon Gas | |
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| Field-Carrying Bosons; the Photon | |
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| Thermodynamics of Radiation; Cavity Radiation | |
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| Kirchhoff's Radiation Law and the Brightness Theorem | |
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| The Stefan-Boltzmann Law | |
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| Isentropic Expansion; the Cosmic Microwave Background | |
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| Radiative Transfer | |
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| Photon Statistics and the Planck Radiation Law | |
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| The Greenhouse Effect | |
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| Envoi | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Perfect Bose Gas: Bose-Einstein Condensation | |
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| Conserved Bosons | |
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| Bose-Einstein Condensation | |
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| Experimental Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in Perfect Gases | |
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| Envoi | |
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| Problems | |
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| The Perfect Fermi Gas | |
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| Electrons in Metals | |
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| Heat Capacity of a Degenerate Electron Gas | |
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| Internal Energy at 0 K; Fermi Pressure | |
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| Fermi Gases at Nonzero Temperature; the Changeover to the Ideal Gas | |
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| Envoi | |
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| Problems | |
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| Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors | |
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| Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors | |
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| Density of States Near a Band Edge | |
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| Intrinsic Conduction in a Pure Semiconductor | |
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| Impurities in Semiconductors; Extrinsic Conduction | |
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| The p - n Junction | |
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| Envoi | |
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| Problems | |
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| Phase Transitions | |
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| First Order Transitions | |
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| Superheating and Supercooling | |
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| Properties of the Coexistence Curve; the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation | |
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| Second Order Transitions: The Ferromagnet; Order-Disorder Transitions | |
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| The van der Waals Model of an Imperfect Gas | |
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| Landau's Theory of Phase Transitions | |
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| Envoi; Critical Fluctuations and the Failure of Mean Field Theory | |
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| Problems | |
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| Heat Engines | |
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| The Carnot Engine | |
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| The Steam Engine | |
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| Internal Combustion Engines: the Otto and Diesel Cycles | |
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| Refrigerators and Heat Pumps: The Vapor-Compression Cycle | |
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| Envoi | |
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| Problems | |
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| Transport Processes | |
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| Quasi-Ideal Gases | |
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| Scattering Processes; Mean Free Path | |
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| Mobility and Diffusivity; the Einstein Relation | |
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| General Treatment of Transport Processes in Gases | |
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| Thermal Conductivity | |
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| Viscosity | |
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| Effect of Density on Transport Coefficients; the Low Density (Knudsen) Regime | |
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| The Diffusion Equation | |
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| Envoi | |
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| Problems | |
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| Expansion in Series | |
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| The Use of Infinite Series in Physics | |
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| The Taylor-McLaurin and Binomial Series | |
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| Expansion Around an Extremum | |
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| A More Complicated Example | |
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| Functions of More Than One Variable | |
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| Review of Quantized States | |
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| Introduction: Wave-Particle Duality and the Dispersion Relation for a Particle | |
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| Particle in a Box | |
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| Electron Spin in a Magnetic Field | |
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| The Harmonic Oscillator | |
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| The Quantum Rotator | |
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| The Hydrogen-Like Atom | |
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| Proof That the Zero'th Law Implies the Existence of Temperature | |
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| Some Results in Probability Theory | |
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| Derivation of the Binomial Coefficients c(N,r) | |
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| Stirling's Approximation to the Factorial | |
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| Mean Values (Averages) over a Distribution | |
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| Binomial Distribution | |
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| Gaussian Distribution | |
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| Poisson Distribution | |
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| Derivation of the Multiplicity Function for a System of Identical Oscillators | |
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| Random Walk Program | |
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| Differentials, Partial Derivatives, and the Maxwell Relations | |
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| Differentials | |
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| Triple Product of Partial Derivatives | |
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| Relation Between Cross Derivatives | |
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| Exact and Inexact Differentials | |
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| Maxwell Relations | |
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| Standing Wave Solutions of the Wave Equation | |
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| The Equipartition Theorem | |
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| Some Results in the Kinetic Theory of Gases | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Particle Flux in a Perfect Gas | |
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| Pressure Exerted by a Gas | |
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| Glossary | |
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| List of Symbols | |
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| Physical Constants | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |