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Tables, Figures, and Boxes | |
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Preface | |
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About the Authors | |
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The Environment of Urban Management | |
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Managing American Cities in the Twenty-first Century | |
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Introduction: American Cities Continue to Change and Evolve | |
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How and Why American Cities Have Changed | |
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The State of American Cities: Fiscal Affairs | |
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The State of American Cities: Social and Demographic Conditions | |
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How Cities Have Improved Their Management Capacity | |
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Reinventing Government: A Pragmatic Response to Fiscal Crisis | |
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The New Public Management Model: An Academic Response to REGO | |
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Systems Analysis and Local Policymaking | |
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Systems Theory | |
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Citizen Participation in City Government | |
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IT's Child-E-government | |
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Better Management Is Not Enough | |
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Community Values | |
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Institutional Inertia | |
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The Political Environment | |
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Leadership Qualities | |
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The Plan of the Book | |
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Suggested for Further Reading | |
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Notes | |
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Cities and the System of Intergovernmental Relations | |
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Federalism | |
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Intergovernmental Relations | |
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Fiscal Federalism | |
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The States and the Cities | |
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Federal-City and State-City Relations: The Issue of Mandates | |
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Interlocal Relations | |
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Special Districts: A "Special" Type of Decentralization | |
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Mechanisms for Coordination: COGs and MPOs | |
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Summary | |
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Suggested for Further Reading | |
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Notes | |
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Urban Political Structure | |
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The Reform Movement | |
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The Goals and Assumptions of Municipal Government Reformers | |
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The Characteristics of Reform Government | |
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The Impact of Reform | |
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Forms of City Government | |
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Mayor-Council Government | |
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Council-Manager Government | |
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Ballot Type | |
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Electoral Systems | |
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Judicial and Legislative Intervention | |
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The Initiative, the Referendum, and the Recall | |
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Home Rule and the Legal Status of the City | |
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Summary | |
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Suggested for Further Reading | |
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Notes | |
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Managing Conflict and Delivering Goods and Services in the Modern City | |
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Urban Policymaking | |
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The Nature of Urban Policy | |
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Policymaking as a Relatively Stable, Orderly Series of Events | |
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Reactive Policymaking | |
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Trifurcated Policymaking: Allocational, Developmental, and Redistributive Policies | |
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Chief Executives | |
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Mayors | |
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City Managers | |
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Mayor-Manager Relations | |
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The City Council | |
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Council-Manager Relations | |
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Bureaucrats and Policy | |
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Bureaucratic Decision Rules | |
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Bureaucratic Discretion | |
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Citizens' Influences on City Government | |
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Elections and Voting | |
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Political Parties and Interest Groups | |
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Citizen Contacts with Local Government | |
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Summary | |
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Suggested for Further Reading | |
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Notes | |
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Urban Planning and Development | |
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The Nature of City Planning | |
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Newer Approaches to Planning | |
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Policy Planning | |
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Obstacles to Planning | |
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Planning in a Political Environment | |
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Planning and Politics | |
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Planning Activities | |
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Comprehensive Planning | |
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Zoning | |
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Urban Economic Development | |
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Economic Development as a Process | |
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The Economic Development Plan | |
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Strategies and Tools for Economic Development | |
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Organizing for and Managing Economic Development | |
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Leading and Managing | |
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The Politics of Urban Development | |
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Consensus Building | |
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Who Participates and Who Benefits | |
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Summary | |
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Suggested for Further Reading | |
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Notes | |
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Decision Making and Analysis | |
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Approaches to Decision Making | |
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The Rational-Comprehensive Approach | |
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Incrementalism | |
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Mixed Scanning | |
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The Garbage-Can Model | |
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Decision-Making Tools | |
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Quantitative Aids | |
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Nonquantitative Aids | |
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Program Analysis and Other Systematic Approaches to Decision Making | |
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The Analysis Process | |
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Analysis and Political Feasibility | |
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Analysis Applications | |
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Information Systems and Computers: Friends of Analysis | |
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The Contributions and Limitations of Analysis | |
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Summary | |
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Suggested for Further Reading | |
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Notes | |
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Urban Service Delivery | |
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Goals for Service Delivery | |
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Measuring Efficiency and Effectiveness of Urban Services | |
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Benchmarking | |
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Performance Measures | |
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Using Measurement Data | |
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Problems in Using Performance Measures | |
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Improvements in Employee Performance | |
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Technological Improvements | |
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Equity of Services: A Political Goal? | |
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Responsiveness in Service Delivery | |
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Alternative Service Delivery | |
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Contracting Out | |
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Competitive Contracting | |
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Intergovernmental Agreements | |
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Implementing and Evaluating Urban Programs | |
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Evaluation Designs | |
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Evaluating Program Evaluation | |
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Citizen Surveys | |
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Conducting the Surveys | |
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Survey Limitations | |
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Summary | |
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Suggested for Further Reading | |
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Notes | |
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Internal Management Processes | |
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The Management Process: Theory and Practice | |
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Organizations as Open Systems | |
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Scientific Management | |
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Humanistic Management | |
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Leadership | |
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The Elements of Leadership | |
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Leadership Traits | |
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Leadership Styles | |
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Situational Leadership and the "Master Manager" | |
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Managing for Results: REGO and NPM | |
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Management by Objectives | |
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Total Quality Management | |
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Potential Problems with Management Techniques New to a City | |
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Summary | |
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Suggested for Further Reading | |
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Notes | |
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Managing Human Resources | |
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Organizing the Personnel Function | |
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Structure | |
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Purpose | |
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Human Resource Management Functions | |
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Staffing | |
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Classification | |
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Compensation and Performance Appraisal | |
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Issues in Human Resource Management | |
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Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action | |
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Affirmative Action | |
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The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 | |
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The Courts, EEO, and Selection Procedures | |
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Comparable Worth | |
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Sexual Harassment | |
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Managing Diversity in Municipal Government | |
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Labor-Management Relations | |
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Municipal Unions | |
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Collective Bargaining Procedures | |
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Municipal Unions in Perspective | |
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Summary | |
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Suggested for Further Reading | |
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Notes | |
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Finance and Budget | |
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Revenue Raising | |
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The Municipal Finance System | |
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Revenue Sources | |
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Revenue-Raising Alternatives | |
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The Politics of Revenue Raising | |
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Expenditures | |
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Budgeting | |
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The Budget Process | |
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The Traditional Approach: Line-Item Budgeting | |
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Budgetary Reform | |
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Reinventing Budgeting | |
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Capital Improvement Planning and Budgeting | |
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Whither City Budgeting? | |
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Managing Municipal Finances | |
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Forming Goals and Objectives | |
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Planning and Budgeting | |
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Reporting and Monitoring | |
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Evaluating | |
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The Integrated Financial Information System | |
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Summary | |
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Suggested for Further Reading | |
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Notes | |
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The Urban Future | |
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Managing the Urban Future | |
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Management and Leadership in an Age of Permanent Fiscal Crisis | |
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The Job of the Urban Manager | |
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Leadership within the Municipal Organization | |
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Managing Politics | |
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Ensuring Ethical Behavior | |
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Managing the Twenty-first Century At-Risk City | |
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A Call to Service | |
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Suggested for Further Reading | |
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Notes | |
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Index | |