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| Introduction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| History of Photomapping | |
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| Photogrammetrists and Image Analysts | |
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| Utilization of Aerial Photos | |
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| Photogrammetry | |
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| Mapper vs. User | |
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| Electromagnetic Energy | |
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| Radiant Energy | |
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| Radiant Waves | |
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| Distribution of Energy | |
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| Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
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| Visible Light | |
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| Infrared | |
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| Aerial Films | |
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| Aerial Films | |
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| Types of Film | |
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| Sensitometry | |
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| Filters | |
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| Film Processing | |
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| Resolution | |
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| Spectral Resolution | |
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| Spatial Resolution | |
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| Radiometric Resolution | |
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| Application of Aerial Films | |
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| Panchromatic | |
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| Infrared | |
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| Natural Color | |
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| Color Infrared | |
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| Airborne Sensor Platforms | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Fixed-Wing Aircraft | |
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| Single-Engine Platform | |
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| Multi-Engine Platform | |
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| Flight Crews | |
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| Navigation | |
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| Helicopter Platforms | |
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| Aerial Cameras | |
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| Camera Mount | |
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| Analog Camera Components | |
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| Camera System | |
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| Focal Length | |
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| Camera Calibration Report | |
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| Digital Camera Components | |
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| Aerial Photographs | |
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| Nomenclature of an Aerial Photograph | |
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| Uses of Aerial Photographs | |
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| Time-Lapse Photography | |
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| Sources of Aerial Photograps | |
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| Private-Sector Mappers | |
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| Federal | |
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| States | |
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| Counties and Municipalities | |
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| Geometry of Aerial Photographs | |
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| Scale Expressions | |
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| Representative Fraction | |
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| Engineers' Scale | |
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| Scale Conversion | |
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| Geometry of Photo Scale | |
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| Derivation of Photo Scale | |
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| Controlling Photo Scale | |
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| Scale Formula | |
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| Flight Height | |
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| Relative Photo Scales | |
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| Photo Overlap | |
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| Endlap | |
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| Sidelap | |
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| Stereomodel | |
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| Relief Displacement | |
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| Causes of Displacement | |
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| Effects of Displacement | |
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| Distortion vs. Displacement | |
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| Measuring Object Height | |
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| Map Compilation | |
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| History | |
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| Stereoplotters | |
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| Evolution of Stereoplotters | |
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| Future Developments | |
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| Data Format | |
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| Raster Format | |
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| Vector Format | |
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| Attributes | |
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| Digital Output | |
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| Map Accuracies | |
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| Quality Assurance/Quality Control | |
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| Significance of Quality Assurance/Quality Control | |
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| Funding vs. Quality | |
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| Ramifications of Faulty Mapping | |
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| Rework | |
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| Abandoned Schedules | |
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| Design Failures | |
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| Legal Action | |
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| Map Accuracy Standards | |
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| Various Map Accuracy Standards | |
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| National Map Accuracy Standards (1947) | |
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| American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing | |
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| Federal Geographic Data Committee | |
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| Procedural Suggestions | |
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| Cautions | |
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| Options | |
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| Merging Diverse Data | |
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| Mapping System Errors | |
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| Photography | |
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| Stereocompilation | |
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| Photo Scale Selection | |
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| Contour Factor | |
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| Application of the C-Factor | |
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| Influences upon C-Factor | |
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| Photo Scale/Map Scale/Contour Interval | |
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| Planimetric Features | |
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| Photo Scale/Map Scale | |
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| Topographic Features | |
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| Photo Scale Selection | |
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| Planning an Aerial Photo Mission | |
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| Laying Out Flight Lines | |
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| Determining Number of Photos | |
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| Calculating Flight Height | |
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| Geographic Referencing | |
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| Geographic Location Systems | |
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| Land Subdivision | |
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| Digital Mapping Data | |
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| Coordinate Systems | |
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| Ground Control Surveys | |
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| Basic Surveying | |
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| Electronic Surveying | |
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| Ground Survey Toolbox | |
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| Conventional Ground Survey | |
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| Global Positioning | |
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| Determining Spatial Coordinates | |
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| Global Positioning System Procedures | |
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| Airborne Global Positioning (ABGPS) | |
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| Basic Control Networks | |
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| Conventional Surveys | |
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| Control Reference | |
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| Traverse/Circuit Accuracy | |
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| Photo Control Points | |
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| Photo Image Points | |
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| Ground Targets | |
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| Size | |
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| Control Point Selection | |
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| Aerotriangulation | |
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| Photo Control Bridging | |
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| Control Point Selection | |
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| Bridging Spans | |
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| Skeletal Ground Control | |
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| Photo Control Extension Procedure | |
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| Accuracy of Aerotriangulation | |
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| Accuracy Check | |
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| Effects of Analytical Error | |
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| Example of Field Control Point Scheme for Aerotriangulation | |
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| Photogrammetric Map Compilation | |
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| Digital Mapping Data | |
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| Coordinate Systems and Data | |
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| Coordinate Reference Systems | |
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| Coordinate Systems | |
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| Vertical Data | |
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| Structure of Digital Data | |
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| Digital Data Generation | |
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| Automated Feature Collection Methods | |
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| Data Collection | |
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| Advancements in Map Compilation | |
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| Elevation Data Collection Methods | |
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| Planimetric Feature Collection Methods | |
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| Data Standards | |
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| Digital Mapping Data Flow | |
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| Project Planning | |
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| Ground Control Collection | |
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| Imagery Collection | |
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| Stereomodel Orientation | |
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| Digital Data Stereocompilation | |
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| Ancillary Data Collection | |
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| U.S. Geological Survey Data | |
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| Information Systems | |
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| Information Systems | |
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| Value of Geographic Information Systems | |
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| Demands of a Geographic Information System | |
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| Computer-Aided Mapping | |
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| Themes | |
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| Data Collection for Information Systems | |
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| U.S. Geological Survey Information Sources | |
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| Tutorial | |
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| Geospatial Information | |
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| Areas of Specialty | |
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| Orthophotography | |
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| General | |
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| Orthophotos | |
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| Digital Orthophoto Image Production | |
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| General | |
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| Design Parameters | |
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| Orthophoto Cost | |
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| Remote Sensing | |
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| Remote Sensing | |
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| Searching the Internet | |
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| Tutorials | |
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| Applications Dynamics | |
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| Remote Sensing Systems | |
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| Thematic Data Collection | |
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| Scanners | |
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| Types of Sensors | |
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| Aerial Photo Image Scanning | |
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| Satellite Imagery | |
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| Data Format | |
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| Spectral Bands | |
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| Georeferencing Satellite Data | |
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| Restrictions | |
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| Satellite Systems | |
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| LANDSAT | |
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| SPOT | |
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| Airborne Sensors | |
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| Airborne Visible Infrared Image Spectrometer | |
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| Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner | |
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| Digital Multispectral Videography | |
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| Sources of Satellite Imagery | |
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| SPOT | |
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| LANDSAT | |
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| National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency | |
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| Space Imaging EOSAT | |
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| Image Analysis | |
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| Analysis Procedures | |
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| Data Acquisition | |
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| Rectify Data | |
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| Thematic Map Generation | |
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| Areal Mensuration | |
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| Ground Truth Sampling | |
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| Data Correlation | |
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| Reporting | |
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| Image Interpretation Keys | |
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| Composition of Keys | |
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| Types of Keys | |
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| Interpretation Characteristics | |
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| Project Planning and Cost Estimating | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Specifications | |
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| Project Description and Boundary | |
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| Define Products | |
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| Standards and Accuracy Requirements | |
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| Processes | |
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| Aerial Photography | |
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| Ground Survey Control | |
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| Densification of Ground Control | |
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| Elevation Model Collection | |
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| Planimetric Data Collection | |
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| Estimating Production Effort and Cost | |
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| Estimating Factors | |
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| Costing Aerial Photography | |
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| Costing Photo Control Surveying | |
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| Costing Aerotriangulation | |
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| Costing Photogrammetric Compilation | |
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| Costing Orthophoto Images | |
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| Summary of Production Efforts | |
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| Example of a Typical Photogrammetric Mapping Project Cost Estimation | |
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| Specification | |
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| Cost Estimation Process | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Index | |