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| Philosophy | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Philosophies of Wildlife Management | |
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| What Positive Values Are Provided by Wildlife? | |
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| What Is Wildlife Damage Management? | |
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| Why Worry about Human-Wildlife Conflicts? | |
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| Contributions of Wildlife Damage Management to the Larger Field of Wildlife Management | |
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| Alternative Definitions for Wildlife Damage Management | |
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| What Is in a Name? | |
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| What Are the Necessary Ingredients for Damage by Wildlife? | |
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| The Role of Government in Wildlife Management | |
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| The Role of Government Wildlife Biologists | |
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| Summary | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| History | |
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| Prehistoric Wildlife Management | |
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| Wildlife Damage Management in the Ancient World | |
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| Wildlife Damage Management in Medieval Europe | |
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| Wildlife Management in Colonial America from 1620 to 1776 | |
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| Wildlife Management in the U.S. from 1776 to 1880 | |
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| Why the Closing of the Frontier and the Industrial Revolution Sparked a New Philosophy of Wildlife Management | |
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| Consequences of the World Wars and the Great Depression on Wildlife Management | |
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| Wildlife Management in Modern America | |
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| Wildlife Management in the 21st Century: What Now? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| Threats to Human Safety | |
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| Why Do Animals Attack People? | |
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| Predatory Attacks | |
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| Territorial Attacks | |
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| Defensive Attacks | |
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| How Often Are Humans Injured or Killed by Wildlife? | |
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| Snakebites | |
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| Bear Attacks | |
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| Shark Attacks | |
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| Alligator Attacks | |
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| Attacks by Wolves and Coyotes | |
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| Cougar Attacks | |
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| Attacks by Large Herbivores | |
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| Why Has There Been a Recent Increase in Wildlife Attacks on Humans in North America? | |
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| What Can Be Done to Reduce the Frequency of Wildlife Attacks on Humans? | |
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| Human Injuries and Fatalities from Ungulate-Automobile Collisions | |
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| Human Injuries and Fatalities from Bird-Aircraft Collisions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| Zoonoses | |
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| Bacterial Diseases | |
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| Plague | |
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| Tularemia | |
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| Salmonellosis | |
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| Leptospirosis | |
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| Lyme Disease | |
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| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | |
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| Scrub Typhus | |
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| Murine Typhus | |
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| Psittacosis (Ornithosis) | |
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| Viral Diseases | |
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| Encephalitis | |
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| Hantavirus | |
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| Rabies | |
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| Fungal Disease | |
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| Histoplasmosis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| Economics | |
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| Economic Analyses of Wildlife Values | |
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| What Are the Sources of Economic Data about the Positive Values of Wildlife? | |
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| Money | |
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| Time Expended | |
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| Income-Producing Ability | |
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| Increase in Property Values | |
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| Willingness to Pay | |
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| Willingness to Do Without | |
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| Why Is It Important to Have Accurate Economic Data about Losses from Wildlife Damage? | |
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| Measuring Wildlife Damage by Making a Direct Assessment of Losses | |
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| Assessing the Extent of Wildlife Damage by Surveying People | |
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| Lost Opportunity Costs | |
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| Economic Assessment of Wildlife Damage in the U.S. and Worldwide | |
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| Deer-Automobile Collisions | |
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| Bird-Aircraft Collisions | |
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| Wildlife Damage to Households | |
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| Wildlife Damage to the Timber Industry | |
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| Wildlife Damage to Agricultural Production | |
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| Total Economic Losses Due to Wildlife Damage in the U.S. | |
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| Do High Levels of Wildlife Damage Mean that Wildlife Populations Are too High? | |
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| Wildlife Damage to Agricultural Production in Other Parts of the World | |
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| South America | |
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| Iceland | |
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| Great Britain | |
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| Southeast Asia | |
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| Africa | |
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| Australia | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| Environmental Damage and Exotic Species | |
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| What Is an Exotic Species? | |
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| Impacts of Exotic Species on the Native Biota | |
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| Hawaii | |
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| Galapagos Islands | |
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| Guam | |
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| Australia | |
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| North America | |
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| Resolving Environmental Problems Caused by Exotic Animals | |
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| Preventing Exotic Animals from Reaching Foreign Shores | |
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| Preventing Exotic Animals from Establishing a Free-Ranging Population | |
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| Controlling Populations of Exotic Animals | |
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| Can We Predict when an Exotic Species Will Cause Environmental Damage? | |
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| Which Animals Are Likely to Invade? | |
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| When Is an Invasive Animal Likely to Establish a Free-Ranging Population? | |
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| When Is a Free-Ranging Exotic Population Likely to Cause Environmental Damage? | |
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| Which Sites Are Vulnerable to Exotic Species? | |
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| Developing an Integrated Program to Stop the Spread of Exotics | |
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| Summary | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| Lethal Control | |
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| Intrinsic Growth Rates of Wildlife Populations | |
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| What Effect Does Lethal Control Have on a Wildlife Population's Birth and Mortality Rates? | |
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| What Effect Does Lethal Control Have on a Wildlife Population's Immigration Rate? | |
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| Is There a Correlation between Wildlife Population Levels and Wildlife Damage? | |
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| How Do Values Provided by Wildlife Change as Their Populations Increase? | |
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| Should Lethal Techniques Be Directed at Specific Individuals, Specific Subpopulations, or the Entire Population? | |
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| Are Lethal Methods Legal? | |
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| Are Lethal Methods Effective at Reducing Wildlife Damage? | |
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| Should Lethal Methods Be Used Ahead of Time to Prevent Wildlife Damage or Only after Damage Has Begun? | |
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| Are Lethal Techniques Cost Effective? | |
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| Do Lethal Techniques Pose a Risk to Nontarget Species? | |
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| Are Lethal Techniques Humane and Socially Acceptable? | |
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| Common Methods Used in Lethal Control | |
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| Cage Traps | |
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| Leghold Traps | |
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| Killing Traps and Snares | |
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| Denning | |
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| Roost Sprays | |
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| Shooting | |
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| Toxicants | |
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| Diseases and Parasites | |
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| Summary | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| Fertility Control | |
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| Normal Reproductive Function | |
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| Mechanical and Surgical Techniques to Reduce Fertility | |
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| Reducing Fertility by Disrupting Endocrine Regulation | |
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| Immunocontraception | |
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| Administering Fertility Drugs to Animals | |
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| Controlling the Release of an Antifertility Drug to the Body | |
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| When Should We Use Contraception in Wildlife? | |
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| Influence of Mating Systems on Contraception | |
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| Influence of Population Dynamics on Contraception | |
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| Uses of Contraception in Wildlife | |
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| Canids | |
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| Felids | |
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| Elephants | |
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| Felids | |
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| Deer, Elk, and Mountain Goats | |
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| Equids | |
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| Rodents | |
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| Birds | |
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| Oiling, Addling, or Puncturing Eggs | |
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| Efforts in Austrlia to Resolve Human-Wildlife Conflicts Using Immunocontraceptives | |
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| What Are the Drawbacks to Wildlife Contraception? | |
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| Public Perceptions of Wildlife Fertility Control | |
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| Laws Governing the Use of Fertility Control to Manage Wildlife | |
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| Summary | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| Wildlife Translocation | |
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| Examples of the Use of Translocation to Resolve Wildlife Conflicts | |
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| Do Translocated Animals Return to the Site where They Were Captured? | |
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| Do New Animals Replace the Translocated Ones So That the Problem Persists? | |
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| Do Translocated Animals Create the Same Problem Elsewhere? | |
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| What Happens to Translocated Animals? | |
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| What Are the Consequences of Translocation on Resident Wildlife Populations? | |
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| Competitive Interactions | |
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| Disease and Parasite Transmission | |
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| Reproduction and Population Genetics | |
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| Is Translocation Cost-Effective? | |
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| What Are Governmental Policies Concerning the Translocation of Nuisance Animals? | |
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| When Is Translocation Warranted? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| Fear-Provoking Stimuli | |
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| Visual Stimuli | |
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| Auditory Stimuli | |
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| Exploders and Bangers | |
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| Novel Sounds | |
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| Distress Calls and Alarm Calls | |
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| Olfactory Stimuli | |
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| Chemical Stimuli | |
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| The Problem of Habituation | |
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| Can Habituation to Fear-Provoking Stimuli Be Delayed? | |
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| Using Live Predators as Fear-Provoking Stimuli | |
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| Using Guard Dogs as Fear-Provoking Stimuli | |
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| Hazing or Harassment | |
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| Summary | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| Chemical Repellents | |
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| How Plants Use Chemicals to Defend Themselves from Herbivores | |
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| Biological Basis of Food Preferences | |
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| Role of Olfaction in Shaping Food Preferences | |
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| Role of Taste in Shaping Food Preferences | |
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| Role of Tactile Stimuli in Shaping Food Preferences | |
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| Role of Irritants in Shaping Food Preferences | |
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| Role of Post-Ingestion Feedback in Shaping Food Preferences | |
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| Role of Early-Life Experiences in Shaping Food Preferences | |
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| Types of Repellents | |
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| Area Repellents | |
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| Contact Repellents | |
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| Systemic Repellents | |
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| Conditioned Food Aversions Based on Deception | |
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| Similarities between Batesian Mimicry and DBFA | |
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| Precision of Mimicry | |
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| Costs to Benefits Ratio | |
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| Factors Influencing Repellent Effectiveness to Reduce Wildlife Damage | |
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| Weather | |
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| Repellent Concentration | |
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| Duration of the Problem | |
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| Availability of Alternate Food Supplies | |
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| Relative Plant Palatability | |
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| Laws Governing the Use of Vertebrate Repellents | |
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| Summary | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| Diversion | |
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| Optimal Foraging Theory | |
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| Large Group Formation as an Antipredator Behavior--A Natural Form of Diversion | |
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| Examples of Diversion to Resolve Human-Wildlife Conflicts | |
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| Creating a Food Diversion through Habitat Modification | |
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| Response of Wildlife to Supplemental Food | |
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| Response of Wildlife to Diversion | |
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| Cost Effectiveness | |
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| What Type of Food or Crop Should Be Used in Diversion? | |
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| Where Should a Feeder Station or Diversion Crop Be Located? | |
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| Can Wildlife Damage and the Effectiveness of Diversion Be Predicted? | |
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| Which Are Better, Diversionary Crops or Feeder Stations? | |
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| Can Diversion Be Used with Other Techniques? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| Exclusion | |
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| Factors Influencing the Cost Effectiveness of Fencing to Reduce Wildlife Damage | |
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| Cost of Fence Construction | |
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| Area to Be Fenced | |
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| Crop Value | |
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| Fences to Exclude Deer | |
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| Woven-Wire Fencing | |
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| Electric Fencing | |
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| Using Fences to Reduce Predation on Livestock | |
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| Using Exclusion to Reduce Predation on Nesting Birds | |
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| Fences to Protect Individual Nests | |
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| Fences to Protect Habitat Patches | |
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| Using Nesting Structures to Isolate Nesting Birds from Predators | |
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| Building Islands to Isolate Nesting Birds from Predators | |
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| Using Barriers to Protect Individual Trees from Herbivores | |
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| Tree Guards to Reduce Deer Browsing on Tree Shoots | |
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| Wraps and Shields to Protect Tree Trunks from Being Girdled | |
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| Exclusionary Devices to Prevent Beaver from Rebuilding Dams | |
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| Using a Trap-Barrier System to Reduce Rat Damage in Rice Fields | |
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| Using Exclusion to Solve Bird Damage | |
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| Excluding Wildlife from Buildings | |
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| Summary | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| Habitat Manipulation | |
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| Reducing Human-Wildlife Conflicts by Modifying the Resource | |
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| Growing Unpalatable Plant Species to Reduce Wildlife Damage | |
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| Growing Cultivars or Varieties Less Susceptible to Wildlife Damage | |
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| Grain Sorghum | |
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| Corn | |
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| Sunflowers | |
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| Silvicultural Techniques to Reduce Wildlife Damage to Timber Production | |
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| Changing Husbandry Practices to Reduce Predation on Livestock | |
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| Agronomical Techniques to Reduce Agricultural Losses Due to Wildlife Damage | |
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| Reducing Wildlife Damage by Changing Planting and Harvesting Schedules | |
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| Reducing the Vulnerability of Buildings to Bird Problems | |
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| Making Buildings More Rodent-Proof | |
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| Reducing Human-Wildlife Conflicts by Modifying the Habitat around the Resource | |
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| Habitat Modification to Minimize Wildlife Damage to Timber Production | |
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| Habitat Modification to Minimize Wildlife Damage to Agricultural Production | |
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| Manipulating Habitat to Increase an Animal's Fear of a Site | |
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| Reducing Human-Wildlife Conflicts at the Landscape Level | |
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| Avoiding Damage by Clustering Vulnerable Resources Together | |
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| Avoiding Damage by Increasing Field Size | |
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| Reducing Damage by Managing Distant Bird Roosts | |
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| Reducing Damage by Managing Distant Refugia | |
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| Summary | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| Human Dimensions | |
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| Societal Responses to Wildlife Damage | |
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| Differences in Attitudes toward Wildlife | |
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| Negativistic and Neutralistic Attitudes | |
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| Humanistic Attitude | |
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| Moralistic Attitude | |
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| Utilitarian Attitude | |
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| Aesthetic Attitude | |
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| Naturalistic Attitude | |
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| Stakeholder Perceptions of Wildlife Damage | |
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| Farmers, Ranchers, and Private Landowners | |
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| Hunters and Fur Trappers | |
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| Wildlife Enthusiasts | |
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| Animal Welfare Activists | |
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| Animal Rights Activists | |
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| Metropolitan Residents | |
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| Rural Residents | |
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| Impact of Wildlife Damage on a Person's Attitudes toward Wildlife | |
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| The Concept of Cultural Carrying Capacity | |
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| Why Is the Management of Human-Wildlife Conflicts So Controversial? | |
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| Making Policy Decisions Regarding Wildlife Damage Management | |
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| Forming Partnerships between Wildlife Agencies and People Suffering from Wildlife Damage | |
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| Resolving Human-Wildlife Conflicts through the Human Dimension | |
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| Alleviating Human-Wildlife Conflicts by Changing Human Behavior | |
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| Alleviating Human-Wildlife Conflicts by Increasing the Injured Person's Appreciation for Wildlife | |
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| Increasing Tolerance for Human-Wildlife Conflicts through Education | |
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| Increasing Tolerance for Human-Wildlife Conflicts through Compensation | |
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| Are People's Perceptions about Wildlife Damage Accurate? | |
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| Summary | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| Developing an Integrated Approach | |
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| Reducing Blackbird Damage to Sunflowers | |
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| Lethal Control | |
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| Fear-Provoking Stimuli | |
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| Chemical Repellents | |
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| Diversion | |
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| Habitat Modification | |
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| Human Dimensions | |
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| Developing an Integrated Approach | |
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| Reducing Bird Predation at Fish Farms | |
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| Lethal Control | |
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| Fear-Provoking Stimuli | |
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| Diversion | |
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| Exclusion | |
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| Habitat Modification | |
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| Human Dimensions | |
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| Developing an Integrated Approach | |
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| Protecting Ground-Nesting Birds from Mammalian Predators | |
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| Lethal Control | |
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| Fertility Control | |
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| Exclosures | |
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| Repellents | |
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| Diversion | |
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| Habitat Modification | |
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| Human Dimensions | |
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| Developing an Integrated Approach | |
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| Summary | |
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| Literature Cited | |
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| Latin Names for Species Mentioned in the Text | |
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| Index | |