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The Hazardous Waste Perspective | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Dawning of the Problem | |
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Early Hazardous Waste Management | |
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"Take It Out Back and Dump It" | |
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"Treatment" and Other Assorted Techniques | |
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Numbers and Impacts | |
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Early Efforts--What Worked/Didn't Work | |
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Legislation/Litigation | |
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Political | |
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Administrative | |
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Technical | |
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International Aspects | |
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Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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References | |
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Definition of Hazardous Waste | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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The Chemist | |
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The Life Scientist/Health Professional | |
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The Environmentalist | |
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The Legislator/Lawyer/Administrator/Diplomat | |
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Implementing the RCRA Definition of "Hazardous Waste" | |
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Hazardous Waste Characteristics | |
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Listed Hazardous Wastes | |
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The "Mixture" and "Derived-From" Rules | |
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Hazardous Waste Identification Rule Development | |
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The "Contained-In Policy" | |
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Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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References | |
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Pathways, Fates, and Disposition of Hazardous Waste Releases | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Releases of Chemicals to the Environment | |
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Releases to the Atmosphere | |
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Releases to Surface Waters | |
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Releases to Land | |
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Movement, Fates, and Disposition | |
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Behavior of Waste Constituents Released to the Atmosphere | |
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Movement of Hazardous Waste Constituents in Surface Waters | |
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Pathways of Hazardous Waste Constituents Reaching Groundwater | |
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Chemical Transformations | |
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Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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References | |
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Toxicology and the Standard-Setting Processes | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Public Health Impacts | |
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Toxicity Hazard | |
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Toxic Actions | |
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Risk Assessment and Standards | |
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Other Hazards | |
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Regulatory Application of Health Standards and Criteria | |
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Technology-Based Standards | |
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Risk-Based Standards | |
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RCRA Standards | |
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Standards Implementing the Land Disposal Restrictions | |
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Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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References | |
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Hazardous Waste Sources/Generators | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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The Generator Defined | |
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The Three Classifications of Generators | |
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Wastes Generated | |
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Regulatory Requirements | |
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EPA ID Number | |
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Pretransport Regulations | |
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Accumulation of Waste | |
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The Manifest | |
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Biennial Reporting Requirements | |
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Records Retention | |
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Exports and Imports of Hazardous Wastes | |
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Generator Responsibilities for Restricted Waste Management | |
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Generator Requirements | |
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Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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References | |
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Examples of Hazardous Wastes Produced by Basic Industries | |
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DOT Eight-Step Procedure for Preparation of Hazardous Material Shipments | |
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Transportation of Hazardous Wastes | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Modes and Scope of Hazardous Waste Transportation | |
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Highway Shipment of Hazardous Wastes | |
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Railway Shipment of Hazardous Wastes | |
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Accidents/Incidents Involving Hazardous Waste Shipments | |
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Regulatory Structures | |
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Department of Transportation Regulations | |
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Transportation Incidents Involving Hazardous Wastes | |
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RCRA Regulations for Hazardous Waste Transporters | |
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EPA ID Number | |
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The Manifest | |
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Handling Hazardous Waste Discharges | |
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Import/Export Activity | |
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Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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References | |
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Treatment and Disposal Methods and Processes | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Administrative and Nontechnical Requirements | |
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Subpart A-- Facilities That Are Subject to the Regulations | |
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Subpart B-- General Facility Standards | |
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Subpart C-- Preparedness and Prevention | |
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Subpart D-- Contingency Plan and Emergency Procedures | |
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Subpart E-- Manifest System, Record Keeping, and Reporting | |
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General Technical Standards for Interim Status and Permitted Facilities | |
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Part 265, Subpart F--Groundwater Monitoring | |
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Part 264, Subpart F--Releases from Solid Waste Management Units | |
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Subpart G-- Closure, Post-Closure | |
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Subpart H-- Financial Requirements | |
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Hazardous Waste Treatment | |
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Activated Carbon Adsorption | |
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Stripping | |
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Neutralization | |
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Precipitation | |
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Stabilization and Solidification | |
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Oxidation and Reduction | |
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Biological Treatment | |
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Subpart Q-- Chemical, Physical, and Biological Treatment | |
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Destruction of Hazardous Wastes by Thermal Processes | |
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Subpart O-- Hazardous Waste Incinerators | |
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Subpart P-- Thermal Treatment of Hazardous waste | |
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Accumulation and Storage of Hazardous Waste | |
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Subpart I-- Containers | |
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Subpart J-- Tanks | |
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Subpart DD--Storage in Containment Buildings | |
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Land Disposal of Hazardous Waste | |
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Landfills | |
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Subpart N-- Landfills | |
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Surface Impoundments | |
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Subpart K-- Surface Impoundments | |
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Waste Piles | |
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Subpart L-- Waste Piles | |
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Land Treatment | |
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Subpart M-- Land Treatment | |
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Underground Disposal | |
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Subpart R-- Underground Injection | |
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Other Treatment and Disposal Methods | |
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Ocean Dumping | |
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Ocean Incineration | |
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Land Disposal Restrictions | |
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Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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MACT Emission Standards for Hazardous Waste Combustion Units | |
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References | |
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Pollution Prevention, Waste Minimization, Reuse, and Recycling | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Hazardous Waste Minimization Techniques | |
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Source Reduction | |
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Product Changes | |
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Source Control | |
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Hazardous Waste Recycling | |
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Use and Reuse | |
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Reclamation | |
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Multi-Conceptual Approaches | |
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The RCRA Hazardous Waste Minimization Program | |
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RCRA Regulation of Recycling | |
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EPA Implementation of The Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) of 1990 | |
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Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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State Agency P2 Linkages and Resources | |
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P2 Information, Concepts, and Linkages | |
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References | |
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RCRA Permits, Compliance, and Enforcement | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Permits to Treat, Store, or Dispose of Hazardous Waste | |
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Facilities Permitted | |
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The Permitting Process | |
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The "Permit As a Shield" | |
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Closure Plans and Post-Closure Permits | |
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RCRA Permits As a "Virtual Elimination" Tool | |
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The Corrective Action Process | |
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Remediation Waste Management Units | |
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Compliance Requirements of RCRA | |
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Self-Monitoring | |
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Inspections | |
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Enforcement of RCRA Regulations | |
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Informal Administrative Actions | |
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Formal Administrative Orders | |
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Civil Actions | |
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Criminal Action | |
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Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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References | |
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Assessment Techniques for Site Remediation | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Identifying Problem Sites and Obtaining Background Information | |
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Purpose | |
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Cultural History | |
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Technical Information | |
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Regulatory History | |
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Background Report | |
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Site Assessment Procedures in the Private Sector | |
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Pre-Phase I | |
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Phase I | |
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Phase II | |
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Standardized Environmental Site Assessments | |
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Environmental Audits | |
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Environmental Management Systems | |
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Compliance Inspections/Investigations by Regulatory Agencies | |
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Purpose | |
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The Inspection Plan | |
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Conduct of the Inspection/Investigation | |
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Site Evaluation | |
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National Priorities List | |
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Hazard Ranking System | |
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Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study | |
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Record of Decision | |
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Negotiations, Enforcement | |
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Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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ASTM Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process (Appendix x2) | |
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References | |
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Site Remedial Technologies, Practices, and Regulations | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Remedial Objectives | |
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Programmatic Objectives | |
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Technical Objectives | |
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On-Site Remedial Techniques | |
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Containment Methods | |
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Extraction Methods | |
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Treatment Methods | |
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Destruction Methods | |
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Off-Site Technologies and Practices | |
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Excavation | |
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Mechanical and Hydraulic Dredging | |
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RCRA and Superfund Remedial Actions | |
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RCRA Corrective Actions | |
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Superfund Remedial Actions | |
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Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model | |
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Brownfields Economic Redevelopment Initiative and Environmental Justice | |
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Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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References | |
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Typical Plants Used in Various Phytoremediation Applications | |
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Medical/Biomedical/Infectious Waste Management | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Definition and Characterization of Medical Waste | |
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Infectious Waste | |
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Medical Waste | |
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Infectious Waste Management | |
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Designation of Infectious Waste | |
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Segregation of Infectious Waste | |
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Packaging of Infectious Waste | |
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Storage of Infectious Waste | |
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Transport of Infectious Waste | |
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Treatment of Infectious Waste | |
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Steam Sterilization | |
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Incineration | |
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Chemical Disinfection | |
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Emerging Treatment Technologies | |
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Disposal of Treated Waste | |
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Contingency Planning | |
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Regulatory and Advisory Considerations | |
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Staff Training | |
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Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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Bloodborne Pathogens Final Standard: Summary of Key Provisions | |
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References | |
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Radioactive Waste Management | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Background | |
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The Nature, Effects, and Measurement of Radioactivity | |
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Radioactivity | |
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Types of Radiation | |
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Measurement of Radioactivity | |
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Human Health Effects of Exposure to Radiation | |
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Radiation Protection | |
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Permissible Dose Concepts and Applications | |
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The ALARA Concept | |
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Pathways of Dispersion and Human Exposure | |
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Physical Protection | |
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Radiological Monitoring Programs | |
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Regulatory Structures | |
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Historical Development of Policies and Statutes | |
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Statutory and Regulatory Framework | |
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Department of Energy Management of Cleanup Programs | |
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High-Level Radioactive Waste Management | |
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HLW Defined and Described | |
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HLW Treatment and Disposal | |
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Transuranic Waste Management | |
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TRU Defined and Described | |
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TRU Disposal | |
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Low-Level Waste Management | |
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LLW Defined and Classified | |
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Treatment and Disposal of LLW | |
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Mixed Waste Management | |
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Mixed Waste Defined and Described | |
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Uranium Mine and Mill Tailings Management | |
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Tailings Defined, Described, and Characterized | |
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Treatment and Control | |
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Topics for Review of Discussion | |
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Commercial and Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Options | |
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References | |
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Underground Storage Tank Management | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Leaking Underground Storage Tanks--Problems and Causes | |
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Galvanic Corrosion | |
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Faulty Installation | |
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Piping Failures | |
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Spills and Overfills | |
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Compatibility of UST and Contents | |
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Mobility of Leaked Hydrocarbon Fuels | |
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Protection of Tanks and Piping from Corrosion | |
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Protection by Sacrificial Anode | |
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Protection by Impressed Current | |
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Protection by Cladding or Dielectric Coating | |
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Protection of Piping | |
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Detection of Leaks from Underground Storage Tank Systems | |
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Detection of Leaks in Pressurized Underground Piping | |
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Detection of Leaks in Underground Suction Piping | |
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RCRA Subtitle I Regulations and Requirements | |
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Background | |
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Implementation Schedule | |
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Requirements for New Petroleum UST Systems | |
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Requirements for Existing UST Systems | |
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Corrective Action Requirements | |
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Financial Responsibility Requirements | |
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The LUST Trust Fund | |
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Closure of Underground Storage Tank Facilities | |
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Permanent Closure | |
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Exceptions to Permanent Closure | |
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Temporary Closure | |
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Compliance Summary | |
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Compliance Status As of September 30, 1999 | |
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Topics for Review or Discussion | |
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References | |
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Hazardous Waste Worker Health and Safety | |
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Objectives | |
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Introduction | |
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Hazards Encountered on Hazardous Waste Sites | |
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Chemical Exposure | |
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Explosion and Fire | |
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Oxygen Deficiency | |
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Ionizing Radiation | |
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Biologic Hazards | |
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Bloodborne Pathogens | |
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Safety Hazards | |
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Electrical Hazards | |
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Heat Stress | |
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Cold Exposure | |
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Noise Hazard | |
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Other Physical Hazards | |
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Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response | |
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Background | |
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The HAZWOPER Summarized | |
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Standards Applicable to Clean-up Sites | |
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Standards Applicable to Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Sites | |
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Standards Applicable to Emergency Response Teams | |
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Other Important Topics and Compliance Issues | |
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Respirator Selection Criteria | |
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Applicable Air Contaminant Standards | |
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Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders | |
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Bloodborne Pathogens Standard | |
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Chemical Hazard Communication | |
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Workplace Violence | |
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The OSHA Unified Agenda | |
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OSHA Workplace Standards That May Apply to Hazardous Waste Sites | |
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References | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |